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诗经关雎赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-18 点击数:189
  《关雎》

  关关雎鸠①,在河之洲②。

  窈窕淑女③,君子好逑④。

  参差荇菜⑤,左右流之⑥。

  窈窕淑女,寤寐求之。

  求之不得,寤寐思服⑦。

  悠哉悠哉⑧,辗转反侧。

  参差荇菜,左右采之。

  窈窕淑女,琴瑟友之⑨。

  参差荇菜,左右芼之⑩。

  窈窕淑女,钟鼓乐之。

  【注释】

  ①关关:水鸟鸣叫的声音。雎鸠:一种水鸟。

  ②洲:水中的陆地。

  ③窈窕: 内心,外貌美好的样子。淑:好,善。

  ④君子:这里指女子对男子的尊称。逑:配偶。

  ⑤参差:长短不齐的样子。荇菜:一种多年生的水草,叶子可以食用。

  ⑥流:用作“求”,意思是求取,择取。

  ⑦思:语气助词,没有实义。服:思念。

  ⑧悠:忧思的样子。

  ⑨琴瑟:琴和瑟都是古时的弦乐器。友:友好交往,亲近。

  ⑩芼:拔取。

  赏析

  《关雎》是《风》之始也,也是《诗经》第一篇。古人把它冠于三百篇之首,说明对它评价很高。《史记·外戚世家》曾经记述说:“《易》基乾坤,《诗》始《关雎》,《书》美厘降……夫妇之际,人道之大伦也。”又《汉书·匡衡传》记载匡衡疏云:“匹配之际,生民之始,万福之原。婚姻之礼正,然后品物遂而天命全。孔子论《诗》,一般都是以《关雎》为始。……此纲纪之首,王教之端也。”他们的着眼点是迂腐的,但对诗的本义的概括却基本正确。问题在于它所表现的是什么样的婚姻。这关系到我们对《风》的理解。朱熹《诗集传》“序”说:“凡诗之所谓风者,多出于里巷歌谣之作,所谓男女相与咏歌,各言其情者也。”又郑樵《通志·乐略·正声序论》说:“《诗》在于声,不在于义,犹今都邑有新声,巷陌竞歌之,岂为其辞义之美哉?直为其声新耳。”朱熹是从诗义方面论述的,郑樵则从声调方面进行解释。我们把二者结合起来,可以认为《风》是一种用地方声调歌唱的表达男女爱情的歌谣。尽管朱熹对《关雎》主题的解释并不如此,但从《关雎》的具体表现看,它确是男女言情之作,是写一个男子对女子爱情的追求。其声、情、文、义俱佳,足以为《风》之始,三百篇之冠。孔子说: “《关雎》乐而不淫,哀而不伤。”(《论语·八佾》)此后,人们评《关雎》,皆“折中于夫子”(《史记·孔子世家》)。但《关雎》究竟如何呢?

  这首诗原是三章:一章四句,二章八句,三章八句。郑玄从文义上将后二章又各分为两章,共五章,每章四句。现在用郑玄的分法。第一章雎鸠和鸣于河之洲上,其兴淑女配偶不乱,是君子的好匹配。这一章的佳处,在于舒缓平正之音,并以音调领起全篇,形成全诗的基调。以“窈窕淑女,君子好逑”统摄全诗。第二章的“参差荇菜”承“关关雎鸠”而来,也是以洲上生长之物即景生情。“流”,《毛传》训为“求”,不确。因为下文“寤寐求之”已有“求”字,此处不当再有“求”义。“求”字是全篇的中心,整首诗都在表现男子对女子的追求过程,即从深切的思慕到实现结婚的愿望。第三章抒发求之而不得的忧思。这是一篇的关键,最能体现全诗精神。姚际恒《诗经通论》评云:“前后四章,章四句,辞义悉协。今夹此四句于‘寤寐求之’之下,‘友之’、‘乐之’二章之上,承上递下,通篇精神全在此处。盖必著此四句,方使下‘友’、‘乐’二义快足满意。若无此,则上之云‘求’,下之云‘友’、‘乐’,气势弱而不振矣。此古人文章争扼要法,其调亦迫促,与前后平缓之音别。”姚氏对本章在全诗中的重要性分析最为精当。应当补充者,此章不但以繁弦促管振文气,而且写出了生动逼真的形象,即王士祯《渔洋诗话》所谓“《诗》三百篇真如画工之肖物”。林义光《诗经通解》说:“寐始觉而辗转反侧,则身犹在床。”这种对思念情人的心思的描写,可谓“哀而不伤”者也。第四、五章写求而得之的喜悦。“琴瑟友之”、“钟鼓乐之”,都是既得之后的情景。曰“友”,曰“乐”,用字自有轻重、深浅不同。极写快兴满意而又不涉于侈靡,所谓“乐而不淫”。通篇诗是写一个男子对女子的思念和追求过程,写求之而不得的焦虑和求而得之的喜悦。

  这诗的主要表现手法是兴寄,《毛传》云:“兴也。”什么是“兴”?孔颖达的解释最得要领,他在《毛诗正义》中说:“‘兴’者,起也。取譬引类,起发己心,《诗》文诸举草木鸟兽以见意者,皆‘兴’辞也。”所谓“兴”,即先从别的景物引起所咏之物,以为寄托。这是一种委婉含蓄的表现手法。如此诗以雎鸠之“挚而有别”,兴淑女应配君子;以荇菜流动无方,兴淑女之难求;又以荇菜既得而“采之”、“芼之”,兴淑女既得而“友之”、“乐之”等。这种手法的优点在于寄托深远,能产生文已尽而意有余的效果。

  这首诗还采用了一些双声叠韵的连绵字,以增强诗歌音调的和谐美和描写人物的生动性。如“窈窕”是叠韵;“参差”是双声;“辗转”既是双声又是叠韵。用这类词修饰动作,如“辗转反侧”;摹拟形象,如“窈窕淑女”;描写景物,如“参差荇菜”,无不活泼逼真,声情并茂。刘师培《论文杂记》云:“上古之时,……谣谚之音,多循天籁之自然,其所以能谐音律者,一由句各叶韵,二由语句之间多用叠韵双声之字。”此诗虽非句各叶韵,但对双声叠韵连绵字的运用,却保持了古代诗歌淳朴自然的风格。

  用韵方面,这诗采取偶句入韵的方式。这种偶韵式支配着两千多年来我国古典诗歌谐韵的形式。而且全篇三次换韵,又有虚字脚“之”字不入韵,而以虚字的前一字为韵。这种在用韵方面的参差变化,极大地增强了诗歌的节奏感和音乐美。exam8.com

  对《关雎》,我们应当从诗义和音乐两方面去理解。就诗义而言,它是“民俗歌谣”,所写的男女爱情是作为民俗反映出来的。相传古人在仲春之月有会合男女的习俗。《周礼·地官·媒氏》云:“媒氏(即媒官)掌万民之判(配合)。……中春(二月)之月,令会男女,于是时也,奔者不禁(不禁止奔);若无故而不用令者,罚之,司男女之无夫家者而会之。”《关雎》所咏未必就是这段史事的记实,但这段史实却有助于我们了解古代男女相会、互相爱慕并希望成婚的心理状态和风俗习尚。文学作品描写的对象是社会生活,对社会风俗习尚的描写能更真实地再现社会生活,使社会生活融汇于社会风习的画面中,从而就更有真实感。《关雎》就是把古代男女恋情作为社会风俗习尚描写出来的。就乐调而言,全诗重章叠句都是为了合乐而形成的。郑樵《通志·乐略·正声序论》云:“凡律其辞,则谓之诗,声其诗,则谓之歌,作诗未有不歌者也。”郑樵特别强调声律的重要性。凡古代活的有生气的诗歌,往往都可以歌唱,并且重视声调的和谐。《关雎》重章叠句的运用,说明它是可歌的,是活在人们口中的诗歌。当然,《关雎》是把表达诗义和疾徐声调结合起来,以声调传达诗义。郑玄《诗谱序》云:“《虞书》曰:‘诗言志,歌永言,声依永,律和声。’然则诗之道,放于此乎?”



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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.002460s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.004491s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002385s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.003937s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002264s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.003337s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.004438s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.005327s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001527s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.003395s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001416s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001245s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.001647s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.001252s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.002339s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 10286 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.004755s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.002639s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003694s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 190 WHERE `id` = 10286 [ RunTime:0.003020s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001597s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.003318s ]
0.474037s