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《天净沙·秋思》翻译赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-05-04 点击数:1803

  《天净沙·秋思》作者为元代文学家马致远。其古诗全文如下:

  枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家。

  古道西风瘦马。

  夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。

  【前言】

  《天净沙·秋思》是元曲作家马致远创作的小令,是一首著名的散曲作品。此曲以多种景物并置,组合成一幅秋郊夕照图,让天涯游子骑一匹瘦马出现在一派凄凉的背景上,从中透出令人哀愁的情调,它抒发了一个飘零天涯的游子在秋天思念故乡、倦于漂泊的凄苦愁楚之情。这支小令句法别致,前三句全由名词性词组构成,一共列出九种景物,言简而意丰。全曲仅五句二十八字,语言极为凝练却容量巨大,意蕴深远,结构精巧,顿挫有致,被后人誉为“秋思之祖”。

  【注释】

  ⑴天净沙:曲牌名。

  ⑵枯藤:枯萎的枝蔓。昏鸦:黄昏时的乌鸦。昏:傍晚。

  ⑶人家:农家。此句写出了诗人对温馨的家庭的渴望。

  ⑷古道:古老荒凉的道路。西风:寒冷、萧瑟的秋风。瘦马:瘦骨如柴的马。

  ⑸断肠人:形容伤心悲痛到极点的人,此处指漂泊天涯、极度忧伤的旅人。天涯:远离家乡的地方。

  【翻译】

  枯藤缠绕着老树,树枝上栖息着黄昏时归巢的乌鸦。小桥下,流水潺潺,旁边有几户人家。在古老荒凉的道路上,秋风萧瑟,一匹疲惫的`瘦马驮着我前行。夕阳向西缓缓落下,极度忧伤的旅人还漂泊在天涯。

  【赏析】

  马致远年轻时热衷功名,但由于元统治者实行民族高压政策,因而一直未能得志。他几乎一生都过着漂泊无定的生活。他也因之而郁郁不得志,困窘潦倒一生。于是在羁旅途中,写下了这首《天净沙·秋思》。

  这首小令很短,一共只有五句二十八个字,全曲无一“秋”字,但却描绘出一幅凄凉动人的秋郊夕照图,并且准确地传达出旅人凄苦的心境。这首被赞为秋思之祖的成功曲作,从多方面体现了中国古典诗歌的艺术特征。

  一、以景托情,寓情于景,在景情的交融中构成一种凄凉悲苦的意境。

  中国古典诗歌十分讲究意境的创造。意境是中国古典诗歌美学中的一个重要范畴,它的本质特征在于情景交融、心物合一。情与景能否妙合,成为能否构成意境的关键。清王夫之《萱斋诗话》曰:“情景名为二,而实不可离。神于诗者,妙合无垠。”王国维《人间词话删稿》云:“一切景语皆情语也。”马致远这首小令,前四句皆写景色,这些景语都是情语,“枯”“老”“昏”“瘦”等字眼使浓郁的秋色之中蕴含着无限凄凉悲苦的情调。而最后一句“断肠人在天涯”作为曲眼更具有画龙点睛之妙,使前四句所描之景成为人活动的环境,作为天涯断肠人内心悲凉情感的触发物。曲上的景物既是马致远旅途中之所见,乃眼中物。但同时又是其情感载体,乃心中物。全曲景中有情,情中有景,情景妙合,构成了一种动人的艺术境界。

  二、使用众多密集的意象来表达作者的羁旅之苦和悲秋之恨,使作品充满浓郁的诗情。

  意象是指出现在诗歌之中的用以传达作者情感,寄寓作者思想的艺术形象。中国古典诗歌往往具有使用意象繁复密集的特色。中国古代不少诗人常常在诗中紧密地排列众多的意象来表情达意。马致远此曲明显地体现出这一特色。短短的二十八字中排列着十种意象,这些意象既是断肠人生活的真实环境,又是他内心沉重的忧伤悲凉的载体。如果没有这些意象,这首曲也就不复存在了。

  与意象的繁复性并存的是意象表意的单一性。在同一作品之中,不同的意象的地位比较均衡,并无刻意突出的个体,其情感指向趋于一致,即众多的意象往往共同传达著作者的同一情感基调。此曲亦如此。作者为了表达自己惆怅感伤的情怀,选用众多的物象入诗。而这些物象能够传达作者的内心情感,情与景的结合,便使作品中意象的情感指向呈现一致性、单一性。众多的意象被作者的同一情感的线索串联起来,构成一幅完整的图画。

  意象的繁复性与单一性的结合,是造成中国古典诗歌意蕴深厚、境界和谐、诗味浓重的重要原因。

  古典诗歌中意象的安排往往具有多而不乱,层次分明的特点,这种有序性的产生得力于作者以时间、空间的正常顺序来安排意象的习惯。

  有人称马致远的这首《天净沙·秋思》为“并列式意象组合”,其实并列之中依然体现出一定的顺序来。全曲十个意象,前九个自然地分为三组。藤缠树,树上落鸦,第一组是由下及上的排列;桥、桥下水、水边住家,第二组是由近由远的排列;古驿道、道上西风瘦马,第三组是从远方而到目前的排列,中间略有变化。由于中间插入“西风”写触感,变换了描写角度,因而增加了意象的跳跃感,但这种跳跃仍是局部的,不超出秋景的范围。最后一个意象“夕阳西下”,是全曲的大背景,它将前九个意象全部统摄起来,造成一时多空的场面。由于它本身也是放远目光的产物,因此作品在整体上也表现出由近及远的空间排列顺序。从老树到流水,到古道,再到夕阳,作者的视野层层扩大,步步拓开。这也是意象有序性的表现之一。



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  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000422s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000543s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000357s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000467s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000322s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000439s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000302s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000339s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000306s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000272s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000290s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000354s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000213s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000504s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 1052 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000416s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000413s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000267s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 1804 WHERE `id` = 1052 [ RunTime:0.001784s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 92 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000317s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000349s ]
0.089722s