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李洞《绣岭宫词》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:199
  绣岭宫词
李洞
春日迟迟春草绿, 野棠开尽飘香玉。
绣岭宫前鹤发翁, 犹唱开元太平曲。
李洞生活的晚唐时代社会危机日益深重,国势处于风雨飘摇之中,而僖宗荒淫嬉戏,贪残昏朽,更甚于玄宗;这首诗表面是写唐玄宗的荒政误国,实际上是针对时政而发的。《唐才子传》说李洞写诗“逼真于岛(贾岛),新奇或过之”。此诗的新奇,就在于:诗人写李唐的衰朽,不着一字,而以“绣岭”小景山之。
骊山是长安著名风景区,山上有华清宫,山脚有华清池。骊山两侧,为东西绣岭,广栽林木花卉,并置高台飞阁,是专供唐明皇及其后妃幸玩乐之所。“春日迟迟春草绿”,迟迟,描写阳春的舒缓,可知这是一个风和日丽的日子。这句写游绣岭宫的季节、天气以及满眼新绿的景致。在一般情况下,“春草绿”该是一种宜人之色,但用于此刻的登绣岭宫,便给人以“草遮回磴绝鸣鸾”之感,写的却是荒草披径的荒凉之境。如果说这句还只是通过对背景的联想才透出了“春草绿”的时代气息,那么,这“野棠开尽飘香玉”的时代气息就更其明显了。我们知道,唐玄宗前期励精图治,遂成开元盛世,后期迷于声色狗马,倦于政事,酿成安史之乱。但这些具体过程及其前因后果是无法写到一首小诗中去的,诗人便抓住了绣岭野棠来描写,使读者思而得之,手法是高妙的。唐玄宗精通音律,曾在京城“梨园”培训乐队(“梨园”因广栽梨树而得名)。玄宗临幸华清宫,乐队居绣岭,也曾想于此广栽梨树,但梨树必须由棠梨(俗名杜梨)嫁接方成;棠梨栽后,未及嫁接,安史之乱起;这些准备嫁接的母本,此后便漫生起来,再也无人管理。“野棠”的“野”字,包含了诗人的多少感慨!“开尽”的“尽”字,又道出了多少“芳树无人花自落”之慨!“飘香玉”的“飘”字,又蕴藏着诗人多少惋惜之情!原为御地之树,今为无主之林;原为笙管之地,今为无人之境;弟子散尽,香玉(棠梨花瓣)惊风;野、尽、飘三字,写出了多少令人慨叹的意境!只迷声色,不理国政,梨未成,梦已绝,君主的荒淫享乐带来了多么深重的国灾民难!
为了申足此意,尾联又写出一位耄耋老人的举动:“绣岭宫前鹤发翁,犹唱开元太平曲。”自玄宗的开元盛日,至僖宗的衰朽之朝,时历一个半世纪有余,活动在开元时代的人,自然一个也没有了。“犹唱”二字,表面似讥老人爱翻陈年老历,唱得不合时宜,实则感慨遥深。诗通过鹤发老人对太平盛世的缅怀,寄寓着诗人自己对时政的深沉叹惋。诗四句全是写景,但字字流露出诗人对祖国命运无限关切的真挚感情。这种寄真情于字背,寓深义于眼前的艺术手法,含蓄蕴藉,颇得游刃骚雅之妙。
(傅经顺)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李洞《绣岭宫词》赏析

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