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张乔《书边事》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:209
  书边事
张乔
调角断清秋, 征人倚戍楼。
春风对青冢, 白日落梁州。
大漠无兵阻, 穷边有客游。
蕃情似此水, 长愿向南流。
唐朝自肃宗以后,河西、陇右一带长期被吐蕃所占。宣宗大中五年(851)沙州民众起义首领张议潮,在出兵收取瓜、伊、西、甘、肃、兰、鄯、河、岷、廓十州后,派遣其兄张议潭奉沙、瓜等十一州地图入朝,宣宗因以张议潮为归义军节度使;大中十一年,吐蕃将尚延心以河湟降唐,其地又全归唐朝所有。自此,唐代西部边塞地区才又出现了一度和平安定的局面。本诗的写作背景大约是在上述情况之后。
诗篇一展开,呈现在读者面前的就是一幅边塞军旅生活的安宁图景。首句“调角断清秋”,“调角”即吹角,角是古代军中乐器,相当于军号;“断”是尽或占尽的意思。这一句极写在清秋季节,万里长空,角声回荡,悦耳动听。而一个“断”字,则将角声音韵之美和音域之广传神地表现出来;“调角”与“清秋”,其韵味和色调恰到好处地融而为一,构成一个声色并茂的清幽意境。这一句似先从高阔的空间落笔,勾勒出一个深广的背景,渲染出一种宜人的气氛。次句展现“征人”与 “戍楼”所组成的画面。你看那征人倚楼的安闲姿态,多象是在倾听那悦耳的角声和欣赏那迷人的秋色呵!不用“守”字,而用“倚”字,微妙地传达出边关安宁、征人无事的神旨。
颔联“春风对青冢,白日落梁州”,“春风”,并非实指,而是虚写。“青冢”,是汉朝王昭君的坟墓。这使人由王昭君和亲的事迹联想到目下边关的安宁,体会到民族团结正是人们长期的夙愿,而王昭君的形象也会象她墓上的青草在春风中摇荡一样,长青永垂。“梁州”,当指“凉州”。唐梁州为今陕西南郑一带,非边地,而曲名《凉州》也有作《梁州》的,故云。凉州,地处今甘肃省内,曾一度被吐蕃所占。王昭君的墓在今内蒙古呼和浩特市南,与凉州地带一东一西遥遥相对。傍晚时分,当视线从王昭君的墓地又移到凉州时,夕阳西下,余辉一片,正是一派日丽平和的景象。令人想见,即使在那更为遥远广阔的凉州地带,也是十分安定的。
颈联“大漠无兵阻,穷边有客游”,“大漠”和“穷边”,极言边塞地区的广漠;而“无兵阻”和“有客游”,在“无”和“有”、“兵”和“客”的对比中,写明边关地区,因无蕃兵阻挠,所以才有游客到来。这两句对于前面的景物描写起到了点化作用。
末联两句“蕃情似此水,长愿向南流”,运用生动的比喻,十分自然地抒写出了作者的心愿,使诗的意境更深化一步。“此水”不确指,也可能指黄河。诗人望着这滔滔奔流的河水,思绪联翩。他想:蕃情能象这大河一样,长久地向南流入中原该多好啊!这表现出诗人渴望民族团结的愿望。
全诗抒写诗人于边关的所闻、所见、所望、所感,意境高阔而深远;气韵直贯而又有抑扬顿挫;运笔如高山流水,奔腾直下,而又回旋跌宕。正如俞陛云在《诗境浅说》中所说:“此诗高视阔步而出,一气直书,而仍顿挫,亦高格之一也。”
(陶光友)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:张乔《书边事》赏析

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  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 210 WHERE `id` = 11320 [ RunTime:0.001656s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000239s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000253s ]
0.075339s