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罗隐《赠妓云英》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:213
  赠妓云英
罗隐
锺陵醉别十余春, 重见云英掌上身。
我未成名君未嫁, 可能俱是不如人?
罗隐一生怀才不遇。他“少英敏,善属文,诗笔尤俊”(《唐才子传》),却屡次科场失意。此后转徙依托于节镇幕府,十分潦倒。罗隐当初以寒士身分赴举,路过锺陵县(今江西进贤),结识了当地乐营中一个颇有才思的歌妓云英。约莫十二年光景他再度落第路过锺陵,又与云英不期而遇。见她仍隶名乐籍,未脱风尘,罗隐不胜感慨。更不料云英一见面却惊诧道:“怎么罗秀才还是布衣!”罗隐便写了这首诗赠她。
这首诗为云英的问题而发,是诗人的不平之鸣。但一开始却避开那个话题,只从叙旧平平道起。“锺陵”句回忆往事。十二年前,作者还是一个英敏少年,正意气风发;歌妓云英也正值妙龄,色艺双全。“酒逢知己千杯少”,当年彼此互相倾慕,欢会款洽,都可以从“醉”字见之。“醉别十余春”,显然含有对逝川的痛悼。十余年转瞬已过,作者是老于功名,一事无成,而云英也该人近中年了。
首句写“别”,第二句则写“逢”。前句兼及彼此,次句则侧重写云英。相传汉代燕身轻能作掌上舞(《飞燕外传》),于是后人多用“掌上身”来形容女子体态轻盈美妙。从“十余春”后已属半老徐娘的云英犹有“掌上身”的风采,可以推想她当年是何等美丽出众了。
如果说这里啧啧赞美云英的绰约风姿是一扬,那么,第三句“君未嫁”就是一抑。如果说首句有意回避了云英所问的话题,那么,“我未成名”显然又回到这话题上来了。“我未成名”由“君未嫁”举出,转得自然高明。宋人论诗最重“活法”──“种种不直致法子”(《石遗室诗话》)。其实此法中晚唐诗已有大量运用。如此诗的欲就先避、欲抑先扬,就不直致,有活劲儿。这种委婉曲折、跌宕多姿的笔法,对于表现抑郁不平的诗情是很合宜的。
既引出“我未成名君未嫁”的问题,就应说个所以然。但末句仍不予正面回答,而用“可能俱是不如人”的假设、反诘之词代替回答,促使读者去深思。它包含丰富的潜台词:即使退一万步说,“我未成名”是“不如人”的缘故,可“君未嫁”又是为什么?难道也为“不如人”么?这显然说不过去(前面已言其美丽出众)。反过来又意味着: “我”又何尝“不如人”呢?既然“不如人”这个答案不成立,那么“我未成名君未嫁”原因到底是什么,读者也就可以体味到了。此句读来深沉悲愤,一语百情,是全诗不平之鸣的最强音。
此诗以抒作者之愤为主,引入云英为宾,以宾衬主,构思甚妙。绝句取径贵深曲,用旁衬手法,使人“睹影知竿”,最易收到言少意多的效果。此诗的宾主避就之法就是如此。赞美云英出众的风姿,也暗况作者有过人的才华。赞美中包含着对云英遭遇的不平,连及自己,又传达出一腔傲岸之气。“俱是”二字蕴含着“同是天涯沦落人”的深切同情。不直接回答自己何以长为布衣的问题,使对方从自身遭际中设想体会它的答案,语意简妙,启发性极强。如不以云英作陪衬,直陈作者不遇于时的感慨,即使费辞亦难讨好。引入云英,则双管齐下,言少意多了。
从文字风格看,此诗寓愤慨于调侃,化严肃为幽默,亦谐亦庄,耐人寻味。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:罗隐《赠妓云英》

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  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000234s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 214 WHERE `id` = 11357 [ RunTime:0.001713s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000243s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000277s ]
0.081217s