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李商隐《曲江》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:199
  曲 江
李商隐
望断平时翠辇过, 空闻子夜鬼悲歌。
金舆不返倾城色, 玉殿犹分下苑波。
死忆华亭闻唳鹤, 老忧王室泣铜驼。
天荒地变心虽折, 若比伤春意未多。
曲江,是唐代长安最大的名胜风景区,“开元中疏凿为胜境……花卉环周,烟水明媚。都人游赏,盛于中和上已之节”(康骈《剧谈录》)。安史乱后荒废。唐文宗颇想恢复升平故事,于大和九年(835)二月派神策军修治曲江。十月,赐百官宴于曲江。甘露之变发生后不久,下令罢修。李商隐这首诗,就是事变后第二年春天写的。
曲江的兴废,和唐王朝的盛衰密切相关。杜甫在《哀江头》中曾借曲江今昔抒写国家残破的伤痛。面对经历了另一场“天荒地变”──甘露之变后荒凉满目的曲江,李商隐心中自不免产生和杜甫类似的感慨。杜甫的《哀江头》,可能对他这首诗的构思有过启发,只是他的感慨已经寓有特定的现实内容,带上了更浓重的悲凉的时代色彩。
一开始就着意渲染曲江的荒凉景象:放眼极望,平时皇帝车驾临幸的盛况再也看不到了,只能在夜半时听到冤鬼的悲歌声。这里所蕴含的并不是吊古伤今的历史感慨,而是深沉的现实政治感喟。“平时翠辇过”,指的是事变前文宗车驾出游曲江的情景;“子夜鬼悲歌”,则是事变后曲江的景象,这景象,荒凉中显出凄厉,正暗示出刚过去不久的那场“流血千门,僵尸万计”的惨酷事变。在诗人的感受中,这场大事变仿佛划分了两个时代:“平时翠辇过”的景象已经成为极望而不可再见的遥远的过去,眼前面对的就是这样一幅黑暗、萧森而带有恐怖气氛的现实图景。“望断”、“空闻”,从正反两个方面暗寓了一场“天荒地变”。
三、四承“望断”句,说先前乘金舆陪同皇帝游赏的美丽宫妃已不再来,只有曲江流水依然在寂静中流向玉殿旁的御沟(曲江与御沟相通)。“不返”、“犹分” 的鲜明对照中,显现出一幅荒凉冷寂的曲江图景,蕴含着无限沧桑今昔之感。文宗修缮曲江亭馆,游赏下苑胜景,本想恢复升平故事。甘露事变一起,受制家奴,形同幽囚,翠辇金舆,遂绝迹于曲江。这里,正寓有升平不返的深沉感慨。下两联的“荆棘铜驼”之悲和“伤春”之感都从此生出。
第五句承“空闻”句。西晋陆机因被宦官孟玖所谗而受诛,临死前悲叹道:“华亭(陆机故宅旁谷名)鹤唳,岂可复闻乎?”这里用以暗示甘露事变期间大批朝臣惨遭宦官杀戮的情事,回应次句“鬼悲歌”。第六句承“望断”句与颔联。西晋灭亡前,索靖预见到天下将乱,指着洛阳宫门前的铜驼叹息道:“会见汝在荆棘中耳!”这里借以抒写对唐王朝国运将倾的忧虑。这两个典故都用得非常精切,不仅使不便明言的情事得到既微而显的表达,而且加强了全诗的悲剧气氛。两句似断实连,隐含着因果联系。
末联是全篇结穴。在诗人看来,“流血千门,僵尸万计”的这场天荒地变──甘露之变尽管令人心摧,但更令人伤痛的却是国家所面临的衰颓没落的命运。(“伤春”一词,在李商隐的诗歌语汇中占有特别重要的地位,曾被他用来概括自己诗歌创作的基本主题,这里特指伤时感乱,为国家的衰颓命运而忧伤。)痛定思痛之际,诗人没有把目光局限在甘露之变这一事件本身,而是更深入地去思索事件的前因后果,敏锐的觉察到这一历史的链条所显示的历史趋势。这正是本篇思想内容比一般的单纯抒写时事的诗深刻的地方,也是它的风格特别深沉凝重的原因。
这首诗在构思方面有一个显著的特点:既借曲江今昔暗寓时事,又通过对时事的感受抒写“伤春”之情。就全篇来说,“天荒地变”之悲并非主体,“伤春”才是真正的中心。尽管诗中正面写“伤春”的只有两句(六、八两句),但实际上前面的所有描写都直接间接地围绕着这个中心,都透露出一种浓重的“伤春”气氛,所以末句点明题旨,仍显得水到渠成。
以丽句写荒凉,以绮语寓感慨,是杜甫一些律诗的显著特点。李商隐学杜,在这方面也是深得杜诗诀窍的。读《曲江》,可能会使我们联想起杜甫的《秋兴》,尽管它们在艺术功力上还存在显著的差别。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李商隐《曲江》

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  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000304s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000358s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000239s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000337s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000265s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000315s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000258s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000267s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000272s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000249s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000341s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000214s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000419s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11392 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000316s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000343s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000245s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 200 WHERE `id` = 11392 [ RunTime:0.001644s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000257s ]
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