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李商隐《哭刘司户蕡》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:207
  哭刘司户蕡
李商隐
路有论冤谪, 言皆在中兴。
空闻迁贾谊, 不待相孙弘。
江阔惟回首, 天高但抚膺。
去年相送地, 春雪满黄陵。
唐文宗大和二年(828),刘蕡应贤良方正直言极谏科考试,在策文中痛斥宦官专权,引起强烈反响。考官慑于宦官威势,不敢录取。后来令狐楚、牛僧孺均曾表蕡幕府,授秘书郎,以师礼待之。而宦官深恨蕡,诬以罪,贬柳州司户卒。对刘蕡贬谪而冤死,李商隐是极为悲痛的。
诗的前半写刘蕡冤谪而死。诗先不写自己的看法,而是从引述旁人的议论落笔。“言”指刘蕡应贤良方正试所作的策文。行路之人都在议论刘蕡遭贬柳州确是冤屈,都说他在贤良对策中的言论全是为着国家的中兴。言“中兴”而遭“冤谪”,可见蒙冤之深,难怪路人也在为之不平了。诗人借路人之口谈论冤谪,当然比直说更加有力。这不但表现了人们对刘蕡的同情和敬重,也从侧面反映了他们对宦官诬陷刘蕡的痛恨,对朝廷软弱昏庸的谴责。
下面两句接着引历史人物,写诗人对刘蕡之死的痛惜。“迁”在这里是迁升之意。西汉贾谊因遭谗毁,贬为长沙王太傅,后来文帝又把他召回京城,任文帝爱子梁怀王太傅,常向他询问政事。孙弘,即公孙弘,汉武帝时初为博士,一度免归,后又举为贤良文学,受到重用,官至丞相,封平津侯。“不待”即不及待。两句是说:空自听说昔年贾谊被召回朝廷,刘蕡却被远谪柳州,客死异乡,不可能象公孙弘那样再次被举,受到重用了。此联用典妥帖,何焯特别称第四句“最为精切”(《李义山诗集辑评》)。“空闻”、“不待”二语,顿挫有力,透出诗人深感怅惋痛惜之情。
诗人视刘蕡为“师友”,而他竟死于冤屈,怎能不使诗人伤心痛哭。五、六两句,即扣住题面,写诗人痛哭情状。刘蕡最后似死在浔阳(今江西九江)。诗人是在长安作此诗的。遥隔大江,只有频频回首南望,望空洒泪;天高难问,沉冤难诉,死不复生,惟有捶胸痛哭。长恸之后,痛定思痛,诗人回想起一年前与刘蕡在黄陵(山名,在今湖南湘阴)相别的最后一面。那时,正当刘蕡冤谪柳州,天空阴暗,春雪凄寒。结尾两句不但烘托着二人相别时的悲凄心情,且与诗人写此诗时悲痛欲绝的心境亦融为一体,留下不尽的哀思。纪昀说:“逆挽作收,结法甚好。”(《李义山诗集辑评》)此论极是。
这首诗,整篇都浸透着诗人的泪水,贯穿着一个“哭”字:始则是呜咽悲泣,随后是放声痛哭,继而是仰天悲号,最后则又变为抽噎饮泣。读完全诗,仿佛诗人的哭声还萦绕在我们耳际。写法上,诗人把叙述、议论、抒情三者结合在一起。前面四句全是叙述、议论,但叙述中含着很强的抒情色彩。后面四句抒情,而结联于抒情中又含着叙述成分。如果全是叙述和议论,容易干枯乏味;如纯用抒情,又与引诗所写的具体内容不太相合,难于写出刘蕡的沉冤。此诗将这三者结合起来,使公义私情,都得到了充分的表现,从而增强了诗的感染力。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李商隐《哭刘司户蕡》

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  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 208 WHERE `id` = 11397 [ RunTime:0.001606s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000243s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000250s ]
0.074783s