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李商隐《赠刘司户蕡》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:212
  赠刘司户蕡
李商隐
江风扬浪动云根, 重碇危樯白日昏。
已断燕鸿初起势, 更惊骚客后归魂。
汉廷急诏谁先入, 楚路高歌自欲翻。
万里相逢欢复泣, 凤巢西隔九重门。
刘蕡,敬宗宝历二年(826)进士,博学能文,性耿直,嫉恶如仇,有澄清天下之志。李商隐对他非常推崇。宣宗大中元年(847),诗人奉郑亚之命出使南郡和郑肃通好。次年正月南返时,与被贬去柳州的刘蕡在长沙一带相遇,李商隐写此诗相赠。
诗的开头从相遇的地点黄陵庙写起。黄陵庙在黄陵山上,相传为舜妃葬处。山在湘江汇入洞庭的咽喉,山峰兀立,水势奔腾。时间正是初春,漫天阴沉,加上江风浩浩,越发扬起了浊浪。看来好似“云根”一般的岸边山石和系船石墩,受到浪花的猛烈冲击。船上高高的桅杆,在江风中摇摇晃晃,分外显得日暗天昏。这是湘江惊涛骇浪的实景,更是晚唐王朝政局动荡和险恶的写照。诗人运用传统的比兴手法,勾画了刘蕡悲剧遭遇的社会背景。
颔联表现刘蕡的坎坷遭际,字里行间充满同情。“已断”句把刘蕡比做展翅万里的北国鸿雁,刚刚要施展的雄图伟略就很快夭折了。这是隐指刘蕡应试未第。唐文宗时代,刘蕡曾应召试贤良方正能直言极谏科,在对策中切论宦官专横误国,应予诛灭,一时名动京师。但因遭宦官忌恨,未予录取,初试锋芒,就遭挫折。旋被令孤楚、牛僧孺召为从事,后授秘书郎,不久即遭宦官诬陷,贬为柳州司户参军。“更惊”句即指此番遭贬。诗人把刘蕡比做受谗而被放的屈原,远贬南荒,难归乡土。前一“已”字,后一“更”字,紧凑有力地把刘的生平遭际中两件大事联结起来,通过沉痛愤慨的笔调,表现了诗人对刘的遭遇深致扼腕。
颈联又借用历史人物进一步抒写对刘蕡的敬仰和同情。“汉廷急诏”用贾谊遭贬三年后又被汉文帝召回长安,拜为梁怀王太傅的故事。这句是说,如果皇上急召贤臣,以先生之才,应是首先被召去的,还有谁可以比你先回朝廷的呢?这里高度称赞刘具有贾谊的抱负和才华,相信他一定会受到重用,敬慕和劝慰之情溢于言表。 “楚路高歌”用楚国狂人接舆的故事。而刘蕡身贬楚地,恰与接舆仿佛,借刘的遭遇来抒发自己的满腔愤激。“自欲翻”,体现了诗人对挚友的深切同情和理解。
结尾“万里相逢欢复泣,凤巢西隔九重门”,不仅是真挚深切的友谊之歌,更是对当时腐朽政治的愤激的控诉。两位挚友在远离家乡、远离帝京的地方不期而遇,其兴奋和喜悦之情,是可想而知的。这是“欢”的来由。然而为什么又“欢”而“复泣”呢?原来这意外相逢,恰同在他们患难之时:一个是得罪被贬;一个是长期受排挤而万里投荒。大体相同的坎坷命运和对国运的忧切,又使他们不得不泣。“欢”不过是知音乍见时一刹那间的快事,而“泣”则是经过悲愤交加的长期酝酿。欢而复泣,感情复杂而沉痛,包含着个人的失意,但主要却是为国运难扶而“泣”。末句中这一点表现得很显豁。凤巢,比喻贤臣在朝。《帝王世纪》说:“黄帝时,凤凰止帝东园,或巢于阿阁。”现在贤臣一时都已星散,远谪穷荒,备受排斥,“君门九重”,他们又如何可能竭忠尽智呢?诗人长期目击党争的翻云覆雨,又饱经天涯飘泊的生活,对唐王朝的黑暗现实的认识就更深切了。因而这首感情深挚的投赠之作,揉合了同情知友和忧时愤世之情。结尾的殷忧和愤懑,表面落在凤巢西隔、急诏无从上,但实际更和首联呼应。刘、李的遭遇,不都同是晚唐王朝“重碇危樯白日昏”的必然结果么?
这首诗以感慨苍凉的雄浑声调和高昂挺拔的沉郁气势,表现自己哀时忧国的情感。诗在愤激之中,寓有深讽;景语之中,渗透情语;由眼前江风的险恶联想到国家的隐忧;从同是天涯沦落的遭遇引起了欢泣交加的复杂感情,“涵茹到人所不能涵茹”、“曲折到人所不能曲折”,寓哀怆愤激于深沉凝重之中,具有似矛盾而又统一的深厚蕴藉的独特风格,可说是古典诗歌中的艺术珍品。
(吴调公)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李商隐《赠刘司户蕡》

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000360s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
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  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000311s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000368s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000250s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000355s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000265s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000314s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000256s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000248s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000249s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000327s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000200s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000413s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11408 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000324s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000342s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000244s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 213 WHERE `id` = 11408 [ RunTime:0.001637s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000246s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000255s ]
0.074515s