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李商隐《蝉》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:221
  蝉
李商隐
本以高难饱, 徒劳恨费声。
五更疏欲断, 一树碧无情。
薄宦梗犹泛, 故园芜已平。
烦君最相警, 我亦举家清。
古人有云:“昔诗人篇什,为情而造文。”这首咏蝉诗,就是抓住蝉的特点,结合作者的情思,“为情而造文”的。诗中的蝉,也就是作者自己的影子。
“本以高难饱,徒劳恨费声”,首句闻蝉鸣而起兴。“高”指蝉栖高树,暗喻自己的清高;蝉在高树吸风饮露,所以“难饱”,这又与作者身世感受暗合。由“难饱”而引出“声”来,所以哀中又有“恨”。但这样的鸣声是白费,是徒劳,因为不能使它摆脱难饱的困境。这是说,作者由于为人清高,所以生活清贫,虽然向有力者陈情,希望得到他们的帮助,最终却是徒劳的。这样结合作者自己的感受来咏物,会不会把物的本来面貌歪曲了呢?比方蝉,本来没有什么“难饱”和“恨”,作者这样说,不是不真实了吗?咏物诗的真实,是作者感情的真实。作者确实有这种感受,借蝉来写,只要“高”和“声”是和蝉符合的,作者可以写出他对“高” 和“声”的独特感受来,可以写“居高声自远”(虞世南《咏蝉》),也可以写“本以高难饱”,这两者对两位不同的作者都是真实的。
接着,从“恨费声”里引出“五更疏欲断”,用“一树碧无情”来作衬托,把不得志的感情推进一步,达到了抒情的顶点。蝉的鸣声到五更天亮时,已经稀疏得快要断绝了,可是一树的叶子还是那样碧绿,并不为它的“疏欲断”而悲伤憔悴,显得那样冷酷无情。这里接触到咏物诗的另一特色,即无理得妙。蝉声的疏欲断,与树叶的绿和碧两者本无关涉,可是作者却怪树的无动于衷。这看似毫无道理,但无理处正见出作者的真实感情。“疏欲断“既是写蝉,也是寄托自己的身世遭遇。就蝉说,责怪树的无情是无理;就寄托身世遭遇说,责怪有力者本可以依托荫庇而却无情,是有理的。咏物诗既以抒情为主,所以这种无理在抒情上就成了有理了。
接下去来一个转折,抛开咏蝉,转到自己身上。这一转就打破了咏蝉的限制,扩大了诗的内容。要是局限在咏蝉上面,有的话就不好说了。“薄宦梗犹泛,故园芜已平。”作者在各地当幕僚,是个小官,所以称薄宦。经常在各地流转,好象大水中的木偶到处漂流。这种不安定的生活,使他怀念家乡。“田园将芜胡不归”,更何况家乡田园里的杂草和野地里的杂草已经连成一片了,作者思归就更加迫切。这两句好象和上文的咏蝉无关,暗中还是有联系的。“薄宦”同“高难饱”、“恨费声”联系,小官微禄,所以难饱费声。经过这一转折,上文咏蝉的抒情意味就更明白了。
末联“烦君最相警,我亦举家清”,又回到咏蝉上来,用拟人法写蝉。“君”与“我”对举,把咏物和抒情密切结合,而又呼应开头,首尾圆合。蝉的难饱正与我也举家清贫相应;蝉的鸣叫声,又提醒我这个与蝉境遇相似的小官,想到“故园芜已平”,不免勾起赋归之念。钱锺书先生评论这首诗说:“蝉饥而哀鸣,树则漠然无动,油然自绿也(油然自绿是对“碧”字的很好说明)。树无情而人(‘我’)有情,遂起同感。蝉栖树上,却恝置(犹淡忘)之;蝉鸣非为‘我’发,‘我’却谓其‘相警’,是蝉于我亦‘无情’,而我与之为有情也。错综细腻。”钱先生指出不仅树无情而蝉亦无情,进一步说明咏蝉与抒情的错综关系,对我们更有启发。
咏物诗,贵在“体物为妙,功在密附”。这首咏蝉诗,“传神空际,超超玄著”,被朱彝尊誉为“咏物最上乘”。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李商隐《蝉》

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  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000455s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11410 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000318s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000350s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000248s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 222 WHERE `id` = 11410 [ RunTime:0.001828s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000236s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000282s ]
0.074741s