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李商隐《锦瑟》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:220
  锦 瑟
李商隐
锦瑟无端五十弦, 一弦一柱思华年。
庄生晓梦迷蝴蝶, 望帝春心托杜鹃。
沧海月明珠有泪, 蓝田日暖玉生烟。
此情可待成追忆, 只是当时已惘然。
这首《锦瑟》,是李商隐的代表作,爱诗的无不乐道喜吟,堪称最享盛名;然而它又是最不易讲解的一篇难诗。自宋元以来,揣测纷纷,莫衷一是。
诗题“锦瑟”,是用了起句的头二个字。旧说中,原有认为这是咏物诗的,但近来注解家似乎都主张:这首诗与瑟事无关,实是一篇借瑟以隐题的“无题”之作。我以为,它确是不同于一般的咏物体,可也并非只是单纯“截取首二字”以发端比兴而与字面毫无交涉的无题诗。它所写的情事分明是与瑟相关的。
起联两句,从来的注家也多有误会,以为据此可以判明此篇作时,诗人已“行年五十”,或“年近五十”,故尔云云。其实不然。“无端”,犹言“没来由地”、 “平白无故地”。此诗人之痴语也。锦瑟本来就有那么多弦,这并无“不是”或“过错”;诗人却硬来埋怨它:锦瑟呀,你干什么要有这么多条弦?瑟,到底原有多少条弦,到李商隐时代又实有多少条弦,其实都不必“考证”,诗人不过借以遣词见意而已。据记载,古瑟五十弦,所以玉谿写瑟,常用“五十”之数,如“雨打湘灵五十弦”,“因令五十丝,中道分宫徵”,都可证明,此在诗人原无特殊用意。
“一弦一柱思华年”,关键在于“华年”二字。一弦一柱犹言一音一节。瑟具弦五十,音节最为繁富可知,其繁音促节,常令听者难以为怀。诗人绝没有让人去死抠“数字”的意思。他是说:聆锦瑟之繁弦,思华年之往事;音繁而绪乱,怅惘以难言。所设五十弦,正为“制造气氛”,以见往事之千重,情肠之九曲。要想欣赏玉谿此诗,先宜领会斯旨,正不可胶柱而鼓瑟。宋词人贺铸说:“锦瑟华年谁与度?”(《青玉案》)元诗人元好问说:“佳人锦瑟怨华年!”
(《论诗三十首》)华年,正今语所谓美丽的青春。玉谿此诗最要紧的“主眼”端在华年盛景,所以“行年五十”这才追忆“四十九年”之说,实在不过是一种迂见罢了。
起联用意既明,且看他下文如何承接。
颔联的上句,用了《庄子》的一则寓言典故,说的是庄周梦见自己身化为蝶,栩栩然而飞……浑忘自家是“庄周”其人了;后来梦醒,自家仍然是庄周,不知蝴蝶已经何往。玉谿此句是写:佳人锦瑟,一曲繁弦,惊醒了诗人的梦景,不复成寐。迷含迷失、离去、不至等义。试看他在《秋日晚思》中说:“枕寒庄蝶去”,去即离、逝,亦即他所谓迷者是。晓梦蝴蝶,虽出庄生,但一经玉谿运用,已经不止是一个“栩栩然”的问题了,这里面隐约包涵着美好的情境,却又是虚缈的梦境。本联下句中的望帝,是传说中周朝末年蜀地的君主,名叫杜宇。后来禅位退隐,不幸国亡身死,死后魂化为鸟,暮春啼苦,至于口中流血,其声哀怨凄悲,动人心腑,名为杜鹃。杜宇啼春,这与锦瑟又有什么关联呢?原来,锦瑟繁弦,哀音怨曲,引起诗人无限的悲感,难言的冤愤,如闻杜鹃之凄音,送春归去。一个“托”字,不但写了杜宇之托春心于杜鹃,也写了佳人之托春心于锦瑟,手挥目送之间,花落水流之趣,诗人妙笔奇情,于此已然达到一个高潮。
看来,玉谿的“春心托杜鹃”,以冤禽托写恨怀,而“佳人锦瑟怨华年”提出一个“怨”字,正是恰得其真实。玉谿之题咏锦瑟,非同一般闲情琐绪,其中自有一段奇情深恨在。
律诗一过颔联,“起”“承”之后,已到“转”笔之时,笔到此间,大抵前面文情已然达到小小一顿之处,似结非结,含意待申。在此下面,点笔落墨,好象重新再“起”似的。其笔势或如奇峰突起,或如藕断丝连,或者推笔宕开,或者明缓暗紧……手法可以不尽相同,而神理脉络,是有转折而又始终贯注的。当此之际,玉谿就写出了“沧海月明珠有泪”这一名句来。
珠生于蚌,蚌在于海,每当月明宵静,蚌则向月张开,以养其珠,珠得月华,始极光莹……。这是美好的民间传统之说。月本天上明珠,珠似水中明月;泪以珠喻,自古为然,鲛人泣泪,颗颗成珠,亦是海中的奇情异景。如此,皎月落于沧海之间,明珠浴于泪波之界,月也,珠也,泪也,三耶一耶?一化三耶?三即一耶?在诗人笔下,已然形成一个难以分辨的妙境。我们读唐人诗,一笔而有如此丰富的内涵、奇丽的联想的,舍玉谿生实不多觏。
那么,海月、泪珠和锦瑟是否也有什么关联可以寻味呢?钱起的咏瑟名句不是早就说“二十五弦弹夜月,不胜清怨却飞来”吗?所以,瑟宜月夜,清怨尤深。如此,沧海月明之境,与瑟之关联,不是可以窥探的吗?
对于诗人玉谿来说,沧海月明这个境界,尤有特殊的深厚感情。有一次,他因病中未能躬与河东公的“乐营置酒”之会,就写出了“只将沧海月,高压赤城霞”的句子。如此看来,他对此境,一方面于其高旷皓净十分爱赏,一方面于其凄寒孤寂又十分感伤:一种复杂的难言的怅惘之怀,溢于言表。
晚唐诗人司空图,引过比他早的戴叔伦的一段话:“诗家美景,如蓝田日暖,良玉生烟,可望而不可置于眉睫之前也。”这里用来比喻的八个字,简直和此诗颈联下句的七个字一模一样,足见此一比喻,另有根源,可惜后来古籍失传,竟难重觅出处。今天解此句的,别无参考,引戴语作解说,是否贴切,亦难断言。晋代文学家陆机在他的《文赋》里有一联名句:“石韫玉而山辉,水怀珠而川媚。”蓝田,山名,在今陕西蓝田东南,是有名的产玉之地。此山为日光煦照,蕴藏其中的玉气(古人认为宝物都有一种一般目力所不能见的光气),冉冉上腾,但美玉的精气远察如在,近观却无,所以可望而不可置诸眉睫之下,—这代表了一种异常美好的理想景色,然而它是不能把握和无法亲近的。玉谿此处,正是在“韫玉山辉,怀珠川媚”的启示和联想下,用蓝田日暖给上句沧海月明作出了对仗,造成了异样鲜明强烈的对比。而就字面讲,蓝田对沧海,也是非常工整的,因为沧字本义是青色。玉谿在词藻上的考究,也可以看出他的才华和工力。
颈联两句所表现的,是阴阳冷暖、美玉明珠,境界虽殊,而怅恨则一。诗人对于这一高洁的感情,是爱慕的、执着的,然而又是不敢亵渎、哀思叹惋的。
尾联拢束全篇,明白提出“此情”二字,与开端的“华年”相为呼应,笔势未尝闪遁。诗句是说:如此情怀,岂待今朝回忆始感无穷怅恨,即在当时早已是令人不胜惘惘了—话是说的“岂待回忆”,意思正在:那么今朝追忆,其为怅恨,又当如何!诗人用两句话表出了几层曲折,而几层曲折又只是为了说明那种怅惘的苦痛心情。诗之所以为诗者在于此,玉谿诗之所以为玉谿诗者,尤在于此。
玉谿一生经历,有难言之痛,至苦之情,郁结中怀,发为诗句,幽伤要眇,往复低徊,感染于人者至深。他的一首送别诗中说:“瘐信生多感,杨朱死有情;弦危中妇瑟,甲冷想夫筝!……”则筝瑟为曲,常系乎生死哀怨之深情苦意,可想而知。循此以求,我觉得如谓锦瑟之诗中有生离死别之恨,恐怕也不能说是全出臆断。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李商隐《锦瑟》赏析

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000360s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000525s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000310s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000369s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000249s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000344s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000261s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000317s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000274s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000266s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000253s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000243s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000304s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000205s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000402s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11413 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000314s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000344s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000240s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 221 WHERE `id` = 11413 [ RunTime:0.001582s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000244s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000269s ]
0.073905s