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杜牧《润州二首(其一)》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:202
  润州二首(其一)
杜牧
向吴亭东千里秋, 放歌曾作昔年游。
青苔寺里无马迹, 绿水桥边多酒楼。
大抵南朝皆旷达, 可怜东晋最风流。
月明更想桓伊在, 一笛闻吹出塞愁。
这是杜牧游览江南时写的诗。润州,治所在今江苏镇江。向吴亭在丹阳县南面。
首句起势恢弘。诗人登上向吴亭,极目东望,茫茫千里,一片清秋景色,给人一种极荒忽无际的感觉。诗人的万端思绪,便由登览而触发,大有纷至沓来之势。
诗从眼前的景色写起,再一笔宕开,追忆起昔年游览的情形。“放歌”二字可见当年酣舞狂歌的赏心乐事,如今旧地重游,恰逢惹愁的高秋季节,神往之中隐含着往事不再的悲哀。这一联,一景一情,写诗人初上亭来的所见、所感,并点出时间、地点、事由。
颔联没有续写昔年游览的光景,而是以不尽尽之,把思路从昔年拉回到眼前,承首句写诗人下亭游览时所见的景物。润州系东晋、南朝时的重镇,也是当时士人们嬉游的繁华都会。“青苔”二句,一写先朝遗寺的荒凉冷落,一写河边酒楼盛景依旧,对仗十分工整。从写法上看,本来是寺里长满青苔,桥下荡漾绿水,诗人却故意颠倒语序,把鲜明的色彩放在句头,突出一衰一盛的对比,形象地反映了润州一带风物人情的沧桑变化,这就为下一联抒发思古之情创造了条件。
颈联再转,让思路从眼前出发,漫游时空,飞跃到前代。诗人由眼前的遗寺想到东晋、南朝,又由酒楼想到曾在这里嬉游过的先朝士人,巧妙地借先朝士人的生活情事而寄慨。东晋、南朝的士人,旷达风流曾为一时美谈,可是他们在历史的舞台上都不过是匆匆的过客而已,只留下虚名为后人所企羡。中间两联由览物而思古,充满着物在人空的无限哀惋之意。
诗人似乎长时间地沉浸在遐想中,直到日落月出,江面传来一声愁笛,才把他从沉思中唤醒。诗用“月明”表明时间的推移,以见沉思之久。“更想”的“更” 字,则有无限低徊往复多情之意。然而这一联的妙处,尤在其意境的深远。秋夜月明,清冷凄迷,忽然传来《出塞》曲的悲怨笛声,又给诗增添了一层苍凉哀切的气氛。诗人由笛声而更想到东晋“尽一时之妙,为江左第一”的吹笛好手桓伊,他要借桓伊的笛声来传达心中的无限哀愁。丰富的想象,把时隔数百载的人事勾连起来,使历史与现实,今人与古人,眼前的景物与心中的情事,在时空上浑然融成一体。因此,诗虽将无穷思绪以一“愁”字了结,却给人以跌宕回环、悠悠不已之感。
这首诗所抒发的,不过是封建知识分子因不得志所产生的人生无常的悲慨,但在艺术上却很有特色。诗忽而目前,忽而昔年,忽而往古,忽而现在,忽而杂糅今古;忽而为一己哀愁,忽而为千古情事,忽而熔二者于一炉;挥洒自如,放纵不羁,在时空上和感情的表达上跳跃性极大。前人评杜牧的诗“气俊思活”,于此可见一斑。
(张金海)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:杜牧《润州二首(其一)》

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