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刘叉《冰柱》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:216
  冰 柱
刘叉
师干久不息,农为兵兮民重嗟。
骚然县宇,土崩水溃, 畹中无熟谷, 垅上无桑麻。
王春判序,百卉茁甲含葩。
有客避兵奔游僻,跋履险阨至三巴。
貂裘蒙茸已敝缕,鬓发蓬舥。
雀惊鼠伏,宁遑安处, 独卧旅舍无好梦, 更堪走风沙!
天人一夜剪瑛琭,诘旦都成六出花。
南亩未盈尺,纤片乱舞空纷拏。
旋落旋逐朝暾化,檐间冰柱若削出交加。
或低或昂,小大莹洁,随势无等差。
始疑玉龙下界来人世,齐向茅檐布爪牙。
又疑汉高帝,西方来斩蛇。
人不识,谁为当风杖莫邪。
铿锵冰有韵,的?玉无暇。
不为四时雨,徒于道路成泥柤。
不为九江浪,徒为汩没天之涯。
不为双井水,满瓯泛泛烹春茶。
不为中山浆,清新馥鼻盈百车。
不为池与沼,养鱼种芰成霪霪;
不为醴泉与甘露,使名异瑞世俗夸。
特禀朝沏气,洁然自许靡间其迩遐。
森然气结一千里,滴沥声沉十万家。
明也虽小,暗之大不可遮。
勿被曲瓦,直下不能抑群邪。
奈何时逼,不得时在我梦中, 倏然漂去无余。
自是成毁任天理,天于此物岂宜有忒赊。
反令井蛙壁虫变容易,背人缩首竞呀呀。
我愿天子回造化,藏之韫椟玩之生光华。  
从唐德宗贞元末到宪宗元和时期,以韩愈为首的一派诗人,一反大历以来圆熟浮丽的诗风,走上险怪幽僻一路。如韩愈的《陆浑山火》和卢仝的《月蚀诗》等都足以代表这种诗风。刘叉也是这一诗派的著名人物,以《冰柱》、《雪车》二诗为最有名,而《冰柱》诗尤奇谲奔放,寄托遥深,为后世所称扬。
全诗可分为三段。
从首句到“更堪走风沙”为第一段。在这一段里,诗人首先揭露了当时的社会现实:干戈不息,民不聊生。安史乱后,接着出现藩镇割据的局面,而吐蕃也多次出兵骚扰西南边疆,诗里所说的“骚然县宇,土崩水溃,畹中无熟谷,垅上无桑麻”,反映了当时因战祸连绵而造成的田园荒芜景象。诗人为了躲避兵灾,逃向四川,而四川也非乐土。旅途是艰辛的,漫长的,而在兵荒马乱中跋山涉川,不仅要忍受风霜劳顿之苦,还要时时提防恶人的侵害。“貂裘蒙茸已敝缕,鬓发蓬舥,雀惊鼠伏”,写出了旅途中的狼狈情景,为下文借写冰柱抒发感喟作了铺垫。
从“天人一夜剪瑛琭”到“直下不能抑群邪”为第二段。这一段是全诗的主要部分,描绘了冰柱的奇丽景色。在一夜大雪之后,房檐间的冰柱垂挂下来,大大小小,高高低低,一样的晶莹洁白,玉色琼辉。它不是冰柱,而是天上玉龙的爪牙;它不是冰柱,而是汉高帝的斩蛇宝剑!这两个奇特的比喻,不仅写出了冰柱的风神,还为下文写它的不为世用张势:它不能化为及时雨,使田禾滋壮;而只能化为泥浆,使道路艰难。它不能化为九江的波浪,奔向大海;而只能浸没于峡谷,沉沦于天涯。它不能化为双井名泉,煮茗煎茶;它不能化为中山美酝,芳香四溢。它不能蓄而为池,积而为沼,养鱼种芰;它不能为甘泉,不能为饴露,使这特异的祥瑞征兆为世俗赞夸。它只能凭着它的清沏之气,孤洁自赏,自凝自消。它的光彩虽不大,却无法掩遮;它负着曲瓦,不能施展神锋,铲除奸邪。这一大段的描绘,句句是在写冰柱,却句句关合到诗人自己。诗人的怀才不遇的激愤之情,刚傲不羁的性格,全面地显示了出来。
从“奈何时逼”到末句为第三段。这一段写冰柱消失以后的感慨。天晴冻解,冰柱从梦中消失,杳无踪迹。万物的成与毁是天决定的,它对于冰柱不会特加恩泽,却反而使那些井蛙壁虫,顺生易长,背着人,缩着头,聒噪不休。希望天子能回造化之力,把冰柱珍藏在柜子里,使它永远放出光辉。这一段比上一段更深一层,拿容易消失的冰柱和最易繁衍的蛙虫对比,揭示出当时政治上的小人横行、贤士在野的情况。最后诗人把理想寄托在皇帝身上,希望他能挽转形势,重用贤才。诗的最后两句是画龙点晴,点出了诗的主题,就是说只要皇帝能重用贤士,排斥奸邪,就能消弭战祸,天下太平。
这首诗在艺术上很有特色,以冰柱入诗,题材新奇。更奇的是对冰柱的形象描写,把冰柱拟人化,句句是写冰柱,也是句句在表露自己的怀才不遇。他用玉龙的爪牙,刘邦的斩蛇宝剑来比喻冰柱,贴切而新鲜,为修辞手法创一特例。就诗体来说,这首诗是句子长短不一的杂言体,抒写较自由,适宜于表现较复杂的思想感情。用这种诗体,不可避免的是多议论,散文化。刘叉的这首诗显然是受《月蚀诗》的影响,而又加以发展,显得更为奇谲奔放。使这首诗显出它的最大特色的是在用韵方面。它用的是麻韵,麻韵字的音是响亮的,高亢的,但韵字却比较少,因有“险韵”之称。这首诗共二十七韵,全属麻韵,中间的“舥”字,“柤”字很少有人用过。“邪”字用了两次,前一个音“牙”,是剑名;后一个音“霞”,是奸邪之“邪”的另一读,音义不同,故得同用。用麻韵写古体诗,一韵到底的很罕见。本诗在抒写中一气贯下,纵横自如,在描绘冰柱一段,连用了六个“不为”排句,气势浩荡,郁结于胸中的不平之气,喷薄而出,“特禀朝沏气,洁然自许靡间其迩遐” 两句,拗折多姿;“森然气结一千里,滴沥声沉十万家”两句,对仗整饬。这些句式的变化是和感情的起伏跌宕密切相连的,句子或长或短,或对仗,或散行,而最后都能很自然地落到韵脚上来,毫无生拼硬凑的毛病,用险韵而不觉其险,显示出诗人的才华,为唐代诗坛增添了光彩。宋代苏轼在《雪后书北台壁二首》中用 “尖”“叉”二韵,第二首的末两句是:“老病自嗟诗力退,寒吟《冰柱》忆刘叉。”可以看出他对于刘叉的《冰柱》诗是很赞赏的。  (李廷先)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:刘叉《冰柱》

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  129. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/ResultOperation.php ( 7.01 KB )
  130. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/WhereQuery.php ( 19.37 KB )
  131. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/JoinAndViewQuery.php ( 7.11 KB )
  132. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/TableFieldInfo.php ( 2.63 KB )
  133. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/Transaction.php ( 2.77 KB )
  134. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/driver/File.php ( 5.96 KB )
  135. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/LogHandlerInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  136. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/Channel.php ( 3.89 KB )
  137. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/event/LogRecord.php ( 1.02 KB )
  138. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/Collection.php ( 16.47 KB )
  139. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Response.php ( 8.81 KB )
  140. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
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  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
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  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000360s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000534s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000301s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000356s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000246s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000346s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000267s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000308s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000272s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000270s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000265s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000257s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000318s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000209s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000393s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11485 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000317s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000371s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000259s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 217 WHERE `id` = 11485 [ RunTime:0.001595s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000230s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
0.074283s