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李贺《苦昼短》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:252
  昼短
李贺
飞光飞光,劝尔一杯酒。
吾不识青天高, 黄地厚。
惟见月寒日暖, 来煎人寿。
食熊则肥, 食蛙则瘦。
神君何在? 太一安有?
天东有若木, 下置衔烛龙。
吾将斩龙足, 嚼龙肉,
使之朝不得回, 夜不得伏。
自然老者不死, 少者不哭。
何为服黄金, 吞白玉?
谁是任公子, 云中骑碧驴?
刘彻茂陵多滞骨, 嬴政梓棺费鲍鱼。  
这是一首议论性很强的歌行体诗。全诗分为三部分。
诗的前十句(至“太一安有”)是第一部分,慨叹时光流逝,生命短促。
其中前六句开门见山,感叹时光流逝,点明“苦昼短”之意。时间是无形的,也是无情的。但我们的诗人却把它人格化了,不仅有形,而且有情,“飞光飞光”,叫得何等亲切!呼为“飞光”,照应题目的“昼短”二字,以见时光流逝之快,也表现了诗人对“昼短”的感叹。这里,诗人把高天厚地等等情事都置之不论,只是拈出他感受最深的人寿短促一点来谈。“唯见”时光,虽然转瞬即逝,却是真实的,因为“月寒日暖”的温度变化,使诗人时时感到光阴的流逝,感到光阴的珍贵。时光呵,你停下来喝一杯酒吧!这就是诗人要向时光劝酒的原因。“少年心事当拿云,谁念幽寒坐呜呃!”(《致酒行》)诗人酬君报国的壮志不能实现,深深感到年华流逝是在消耗人的生命,一个“煎”字,表现出对生命的可贵和虚度光阴的痛苦。前六句写得语奇意奇,势如万仞突起,崛峭破空。古人云,李贺诗“每首工于发端,百炼千磨。开门即见。”(黎简《李长吉集评》)这种评论是很准确的。
后四句感叹生命短促,是说人的胖瘦、寿命的长短,同饮食的好坏有关,无论贫者富者,都要靠食物维持生存,有生必有死,世上根本就没有神君、太一之类保佑人长生不老的神仙,照应“来煎人寿”一句,是时光流逝的又一种表现。
“天东有若木”至“吞白玉”是第二部分,写如何解除“昼短”的痛苦。既然没有神仙可以保佑长生,要想延长寿命,就只有靠自己的努力。若木、烛龙本是两个互不相干的神话传说,诗人加以改造,赋予新意,说在天的东面有一株大树名叫若木,它的下面有一条衔烛而照的神龙,能把幽冥无日之国照亮。诗人作了一个大胆的设想,把烛龙杀而食之,使昼夜不能更替,自然就可以为人们解除生死之忧了,又何必要“服黄金,吞白玉”呢?
诗的最后四句是第三部分,是说求仙不是解除“昼短”之苦的办法,想靠求仙致长生的人,终归也死了,对求仙的荒唐愚昧行为进行了批判和讽刺。
服金吞玉也是枉然,世上不存在什么长生不死的神仙,哪里有什么白日飞升、成仙了道的事情呢?传说中骑白驴升天的任公子无可考知,即使是秦皇汉武这样的一代雄主,他们求仙长生的梦想也全都落了空,遭到了历史的嘲笑。据记载,汉武帝好神仙之道,曾经祈祷于名山大川以求神仙,调甘露,饮玉屑,奉祠神君太一以求长生,等等。《汉武帝内传》说:刘彻(汉武帝)死后,梓棺响动,香雾缭绕,得到尸骨飞化的结果。李贺却说“刘彻茂陵多滞骨”,墓中遗留下来的,只是他的一堆浊骨凡胎,对神仙升化之说给予了彻底否定。“多滞骨”三字,讽刺是很深刻的。秦始皇信神仙、求长生的荒唐行为也很多,他曾派遣方士入海求仙,也曾使人寻不死之药,还曾隐秘行踪,以求一遇仙人……但也只能是枉费心机。死后耗费大量的鲍鱼,还是难以掩饰尸体的腐臭。这个“费”字用得犀利如刀,表现了诗人对求仙行为的嘲笑和蔑视,把他们愚妄无知的行为,鞭挞得入骨三分,感情色彩很强烈。
李贺否定神仙长生之说,并不是单纯地对人生问题进行空泛探讨,它更是具有深刻意义的对现实的针砭。当时,唐宪宗李纯“好神仙,求方士”(《通鉴》),为了追求长生不老之药,竟然到了委任方士为台州刺史的荒唐地步。皇帝如此,上行下效,求仙服药、追求长生,成了从皇帝到大臣的普遍风气。李贺以如此鲜明的态度大唱反调,表现出诗人的正义感和勇气。
此诗佳处,不在景致,不在藻饰,而纯以意胜。诗韵随内容而转换,每一部分的最后一韵既完成本部分的意思,又承上启下,衔接浑成,文思缜密。诗人通过丰富的想象和大胆的幻想,创造了独特的诗的意境。不仅包笼天地,役使造化,而且驱遣幽明,把神仙鬼魅都纳入诗行。诗人把“食熊则肥,食蛙则瘦”等日常生活现象,同若木、烛龙一类神话传说结合起来,用了“食”、“嚼”等带有人间烟火味的生动贴切的动词,形成了一种既有生活气息、又有神秘色彩的独特的艺术氛围。再加上青天、黄地、黄金、白玉、碧驴等五色陆离的色彩,真是“鲸吸鳌掷,牛鬼蛇神,不足为其虚荒诞幻也。”(杜牧《李长吉歌诗叙》)而诗人的议论、诗人的感情,全都寄寓于这些瑰诡的形象之中,使诗人对生活的认识,似虚而实,形疏而密,让读者置身于这神奇的艺术王国,体味诗人的感情,领会诗人的倾向。尽管诗人对神仙长生之说的批判深透尽致,却又能留有余意,让人玩味无穷。诗歌以带有强烈感情色彩的呼号句开始,以“刘彻茂陵多滞骨,嬴政梓棺费鲍鱼”这样的感叹句结束,中间叙述句与反问句交替使用,造成感情上的波澜起伏,回旋跌宕;随着感情的变化,语言长短不拘,参差错落,随意变态而颇有情致。方拱乾《昌谷集注序》说:“所命止一绪,而百灵奔赴,直欲穷人以所不能言,并欲穷人以所不能解”,李贺正是调动了一切艺术手段,以他独特的艺术方式,来表达他对生活的独特感受和独特认识的。
(张燕瑾)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李贺《苦昼短》

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  133. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/Transaction.php ( 2.77 KB )
  134. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/driver/File.php ( 5.96 KB )
  135. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/LogHandlerInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  136. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/Channel.php ( 3.89 KB )
  137. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/event/LogRecord.php ( 1.02 KB )
  138. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/Collection.php ( 16.47 KB )
  139. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Response.php ( 8.81 KB )
  140. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  142. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
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  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000380s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000533s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000303s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000366s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000342s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000271s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000307s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000254s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000263s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000262s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000247s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000334s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000215s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000418s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11489 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000326s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000373s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000253s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 253 WHERE `id` = 11489 [ RunTime:0.001664s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000235s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000249s ]
0.074865s