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李贺《罗浮山人与葛篇》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:220
  罗浮山人与葛篇
李贺
依依宜织江雨空, 雨中六月兰台风。
博罗老仙时出洞, 千岁石床啼鬼工。
蛇毒浓凝洞堂湿, 江鱼不食衔沙立。
欲剪湘中一尺天, 吴娥莫道吴刀涩。
诗歌称颂罗浮山人所织的葛布精细光洁,巧夺天工。
开头二句有“江雨空”、“兰台风”等字眼,象是描述天气,其实不然。“江雨”谓织葛的经线,光丽纤长,空明疏朗,比喻得出奇入妙。“依依”形容雨线排列得整齐贴近,所以“宜织”。以这个副词“宜”字绾连“织”和“雨”,所织的为雨线之意便明白易解。“织”字把罗浮山人同葛联系起来,紧紧地扣住诗题。次句则以“六月兰台风”写出葛布的疏薄凉爽。“雨中”二字承上句来,再一次点明以“江雨”喻葛之意。这种绮丽而离奇的想象,正是李贺诗的本色。
三、四句运用对比手法,进一步烘托罗浮山人织葛的技术高明。“博罗老仙时出洞”(“时”,一本作“持”),山人不时走出洞来,把织成的葛布拿给前来求取的人。句中的“时”,暗示他织得快,织得好,葛布刚刚断匹就被人拿走,颇有供不应求之势。下句“千岁石床啼鬼工”就是由此引起的反响。“石床”原指山洞中形状如床的岩石,这里指代山人所用织机。“千岁”,表明时间之久,也暗示功夫之深。姚文燮说:“千岁石床,言非寻常机杼,不惟人力难致,即奇巧如鬼工,亦为之惊啼不及也。”(《昌谷诗注》)
五、六两句描述天气炎热,为末二句剪葛为衣作铺垫。诗人写暑热,不提火毒的太阳,不提汗流浃背的劳动者,也不提枯焦的禾苗,而是别出心裁地选择了洞蛇和江鱼:“蛇毒浓凝洞堂湿,江鱼不食衔沙立。”蛇洞由于溽暑熏蒸,毒气不散,以致愈来愈浓,凝结成水滴似的东西,粘糊糊的,整个洞堂都布满了。洞里的蛇该是怎样的窒闷难受!江里的鱼热得无法容身,不吃东西,嘴里衔着沙粒,直立起来,仿佛要逃离那滚热的江水。洞堂和江水本来是最不容易受暑热侵扰的地方,如今热成这个样子,其他地方就可想而知了。这里,诗人奇特的想象和惊人的艺术表现力,可真有鬼斧神工之妙。
酷热的天气,使人想起葛布,想起那穿在身上产生凉爽舒适感觉的葛衣。尤其希望能够得到罗浮山人所织的那种细软光洁如“江雨空”,凉爽舒适如“兰台风”的葛布。要是用这种葛布裁制一件衣服穿在身上该有多好!“欲剪湘中一尺天”,与开头二句遥相呼应,“湘中一尺天”显然指的是犹如湘水碧波一般柔软光洁的葛布。有人说这句脱胎于杜甫的“焉得并州快剪刀,剪取吴淞半江水”。李贺写诗,是力求不蹈袭前人的,这里偶而翻用,手法也空灵奇幻,别具新意。请看末句: “吴娥莫道吴刀涩”。诗人不写吴娥如何裁剪葛布,如何缝制葛衣,而是劝说吴娥“莫道吴刀涩”。这是为什么呢?一个“涩”字蕴意极为精妙。“涩”有吝惜意,这里指刀钝。面对这样精细光滑的葛布,吴娥不忍下手裁剪,便推说“吴刀涩”。这一曲笔,比直说刀剪快,诗意显得更加回荡多姿、含蓄隽永了。
李贺一生从未到过博罗一带,这首诗的题材可能是虚构的,也可能是根据传闻加工而成的。诗从头到尾紧紧扣住主题。开头写织葛,结尾写裁葛,无论是写织葛还是写裁葛,都围绕一个中心,那就是表现葛布质地优良,称颂织葛的罗浮山人技艺高超。诗人涉想奇绝,笔姿多变,运意构思,都显示出特有的“虚荒诞幻”的艺术特色。
(朱世英)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李贺《罗浮山人与葛篇》

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  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001407s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000329s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.003029s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.001214s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000844s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11497 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002817s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.001030s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000319s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 221 WHERE `id` = 11497 [ RunTime:0.003662s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000293s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000321s ]
0.360164s