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元稹《遣悲怀三首》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:224
  遣悲怀三首
元稹
谢公最小偏怜女, 自嫁黔娄百事乖。
顾我无衣搜荩箧, 泥他沽酒拔金钗。
野蔬充膳甘长藿, 落叶添薪仰古槐。
今日俸钱过十万, 与君营奠复营斋。
昔日戏言身后意, 今朝都到眼前来。
衣裳已施行看尽, 针线犹存未忍开。
尚想旧情怜婢仆, 也曾因梦送钱财。
诚知此恨人人有, 贫贱夫妻百事哀。
闲坐悲君亦自悲, 百年都是几多时!
邓攸无子寻知命, 潘岳悼亡犹费词。
同穴窅冥何所望? 他生缘会更难期!
惟将终夜长开眼, 报答平生未展眉。
这是元稹悼念亡妻韦丛(字蕙丛)所写的三首七言律诗。韦氏是太子少保韦夏卿的幼女,二十岁时嫁与元稹。七年后,即元和四年(809)七月,韦氏去世。此诗约写于元和六年前,时元稹在监察御史分务东台任上。
第一首追忆妻子生前的艰苦处境和夫妻情爱,并抒写自己的抱憾之情。一、二句引用典故,以东晋宰相谢安最宠爱的侄女谢道韫借指韦氏,以战国时齐国的贫士黔娄自喻,其中含有对方屈身下嫁的意思。“百事乖”,任何事都不顺遂,这是对韦氏婚后七年间艰苦生活的简括,用以领起中间四句。“泥”,软缠。“长藿”,长长的豆叶。中间这四句是说,看到我没有可替换的衣服,就翻箱倒柜去搜寻;我身边没钱,死乞活赖地缠她买酒,她就拔下头上金钗去换钱。平常家里只能用豆叶之类的野菜充饥,她却吃得很香甜;没有柴烧,她便靠老槐树飘落的枯叶以作薪炊。这几句用笔干净,既写出了婚后“百事乖”的艰难处境,又能传神写照,活画出贤妻的形象。这四个叙述句,句句浸透着诗人对妻子的赞叹与怀念的深情。末两句,仿佛诗人从出神的追忆状态中突然惊觉,发出无限抱憾之情:而今自己虽然享受厚俸,却再也不能与爱妻一道共享荣华富贵,只能用祭奠与延请僧道超度亡灵的办法来寄托自己的情思。“复”,写出这类悼念活动的频繁。这两句,出语虽然平和,内心深处却是极其凄苦的。
第二首与第一首结尾处的悲凄情调相衔接。主要写妻子死后的“百事哀”。诗人写了在日常生活中引起哀思的几件事。人已仙逝,而遗物犹在。为了避免见物思人,便将妻子穿过的衣裳施舍出去;将妻子做过的针线活仍然原封不动地保存起来,不忍打开。诗人想用这种消极的办法封存起对往事的记忆,而这种做法本身恰好证明他无法摆脱对妻子的思念。还有,每当看到妻子身边的婢仆,也引起自己的哀思,因而对婢仆也平添一种哀怜的感情。白天事事触景伤情,夜晚梦魂飞越冥界相寻。梦中送钱,似乎荒唐,却是一片感人的痴情。苦了一辈子的妻子去世了,如今生活在富贵中的丈夫不忘旧日恩爱,除了“营奠复营斋”以外,还能为妻子做些什么呢?于是积想成梦,出现送钱给妻子的梦境。末两句,从“诚知此恨人人有”的泛说,落到“贫贱夫妻百事哀”的特指上。夫妻死别,固然是人所不免的,但对于同贫贱共患难的夫妻来说,一旦永诀,是更为悲哀的。末句从上一句泛说推进一层,着力写出自身丧偶不同于一般的悲痛感情。
第三首首句“闲坐悲君亦自悲”,承上启下。以“悲君”总括上两首,以“自悲”引出下文。为什么“自悲”呢?由妻子的早逝,想到了人寿的有限。人生百年,又有多长时间呢!诗中引用了邓攸、潘岳两个典故。邓攸心地如此善良,却终身无子,这难道不是命运的安排?潘岳《悼亡诗》写得再好,对于死者来说,又有什么意义,不等于白费笔墨!诗人以邓攸、潘岳自喻,故作达观无谓之词,却透露出无子、丧妻的深沉悲哀。接着从绝望中转出希望来,寄希望于死后夫妇同葬和来生再作夫妻。但是,再冷静思量:这仅是一种虚无飘渺的幻想,更是难以指望的,因而更为绝望:死者已矣,过去的一切永远无法补偿了!诗情愈转愈悲,不能自已,最后逼出一个无可奈何的办法:“惟将终夜长开眼,报答平生未展眉。”诗人仿佛在对妻子表白自己的心迹:我将永远永远地想着你,要以终夜“开眼”来报答你的 “平生未展眉”。真是痴情缠绵,哀痛欲绝!
《遣悲怀三首》,一个“悲”字贯穿始终。悲痛之情如同长风推浪,滚滚向前,逐首推进。前两首悲对方,从生前写到身后;末一首悲自己,从现在写到将来。全篇都用“昵昵儿女语”的亲昵调子吟唱,字字出于肺腑。诗人善于将人人心中所有、人人口中所无的意思,用极其质朴感人的语言来表现。诸如“昔日戏言身后意,今朝都到眼前来”、“诚知此恨人人有,贫贱夫妻百事哀”、“闲坐悲君亦自悲,百年都是几多时”等,无不浅俗之极,也伤痛之极。再如“泥他沽酒拔金钗”的 “泥”字,末两句中的“长开眼”与“未展眉”,都是不加修饰的本色语言,状难写之景十分逼真,写难言之情极为自然。在取材上,诗人善于抓住日常生活中的几件小事来写,事情虽小,但都曾深深触动过他的感情,因而也能深深打动读者的心。叙事叙得实,写情写得真,写出了诗人的至性至情,因而成为古今悼亡诗中的绝唱。
清代蘅塘退士在评论此诗时说:“古今悼亡诗充栋,终无能出此三首范围者。”这至高的赞誉,元稹是当之无愧的。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:元稹《遣悲怀三首》

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  138. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/Collection.php ( 16.47 KB )
  139. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Response.php ( 8.81 KB )
  140. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  142. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000520s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.002975s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000479s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000837s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000388s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000864s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000844s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001813s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.004022s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000612s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000578s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000435s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000457s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000436s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000760s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11559 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001122s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000580s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001005s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 225 WHERE `id` = 11559 [ RunTime:0.001876s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000307s ]
0.318931s