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柳宗元《南涧中题》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:234
  南涧中题
柳宗元
秋气集南涧, 独游亭午时。
迴风一萧瑟, 林影久参差。
始至若有得, 稍深遂忘疲。
羁禽响幽谷, 寒藻舞沦漪。
去国魂已游, 怀人泪空垂。
孤生易为感, 失路少所宜。
索寞竟何事? 徘徊只自知。
谁为后来者, 当与此心期!
唐宪宗元和七年(812)秋天,柳宗元游览永州南郊的袁家渴、石渠、石涧和西北郊的小石城山,写了著名的《永州八记》中的后四记──《袁家渴记》、《石渠记》、《石涧记》和《小石城山记》。这首五言古诗《南涧中题》,也是他在同年秋天游览了石涧后所作。南涧即《石涧记》中所指的“石涧”。石涧地处永州之南,又称南涧。
这首诗,以记游的笔调,写出了诗人被贬放逐后忧伤寂寞、孤独苦闷的自我形象。
全诗大体分两层笔墨。前八句,着重在描写南涧时所见景物。时方深秋,诗人独自来到南涧游览。涧中寂寞,仿佛秋天的肃杀之气独聚于此。虽日当正午,而秋风阵阵,林影稀疏,仍给人以萧瑟之感。诗人初到时若有所得,忘却了疲劳。但忽闻失侣之禽鸣于幽谷,眼见涧中水藻在波面上荡漾,却引起了无穷联想。诗的后八句,便着重抒写诗人由联想而产生的感慨。诗人自述迁谪离京以来,神情恍惚,怀人不见而有泪空垂。人孤则易为感伤,政治上一失意,便动辄得咎。如今处境索寞,竟成何事?于此徘徊,亦只自知。以后谁再迁谪来此,也许会理解我这种心情。诗人因参加王叔文政治集团而遭受贬谪,使他感到忧伤愤懑,而南涧之游,本是解人烦闷的乐事,然所见景物,却又偏偏勾引起他的苦闷和烦恼。所以苏轼曾有评语说,“柳仪曹诗,忧中有乐,乐中有忧”;认为“柳子厚南迁后诗,清劲纡徐,大率类此”(《东坡题跋》卷二《书柳子厚南涧诗》)。这是道出了柳宗元贬后所作诗歌在思想内容方面的基本特色的。
清人何焯在所著《义门读书记》中,也曾对此诗作过较好的分析。他说:“‘秋气集南涧’,万感俱集,忽不自禁。发端有力。‘羁禽响幽谷’一联,似缘上 ‘风’字,直书即目,其实乃兴中之比也。羁禽哀鸣者,友声不可求,而断迁乔之望也,起下‘怀人’句。寒藻独舞者,潜鱼不能依,而乖得性之乐也,起下‘去国’句。”他这种看法,既注意到了诗人在诗歌中所反映的思想情绪,又注意到了这种思想情绪在诗歌结构安排上的内在联系,是符合作品本身的实际的。“秋气集南涧”一句,虽是写景,点出时令,一个“集”字便用得颇有深意。悲凉萧瑟的“秋气”怎么能独聚于南涧呢?这自然是诗人主观的感受,在这样的时令和气氛中,诗人“独游”到此,自然会“万感俱集”,不可抑止。他满腔忧郁的情怀,便一齐从这里开始倾泻出来。诗人由“秋气”进而写到秋风萧瑟,林影参差,引出“羁禽响幽谷”一联。诗人描绘山鸟惊飞独往,秋萍飘浮不定,不正使人仿佛看到诗人在溪涧深处踯躅徬徨、凄婉哀伤的身影吗?这“羁禽”二句,虽然是直书见闻,“其实乃兴中之比”,开下文着重抒写感慨的张本。诗人以“羁禽”在“幽谷”中哀鸣,欲求友声而不可得,比之为对重返朝廷之无望,因而使他要“怀人泪空垂”了。这诗写得平淡简朴,而细细体会,蕴味深长,“平淡有思致”。苏轼称赞此诗“妙绝古今”,“熟视有奇趣”,道出了它的艺术特色。
(吴文治)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:柳宗元《南涧中题》

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  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000243s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000564s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11574 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000387s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000474s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002908s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 235 WHERE `id` = 11574 [ RunTime:0.001638s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000263s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000317s ]
0.255094s