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柳宗元《别舍弟宗一》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:235
  别舍弟宗一
柳宗元
零落残魂倍黯然, 双垂别泪越江边。
一身去国六千里, 万死投荒十二年。
桂岭瘴来云似墨, 洞庭春尽水如天。
欲知此后相思梦, 长在荆门郢树烟。
元和十一年(816)春,柳宗元的堂弟宗一从柳州(今广西柳州)到江陵(今湖北江陵县)去,柳宗元写了这首诗送别。全诗苍茫劲健,雄浑阔远,感慨深沉,感情浓烈,抒发了诗人政治上生活上郁郁不得志的悲愤之情。
诗的一、三、四联着重表现的是兄弟之间的骨肉情谊。一联开篇点题,点明别离,描叙兄弟惜别之情。“越江”,即粤江,这里是指柳江。两句意思是说:自己的心灵因长期贬谪生活的折磨,已经成了“零落残魂”;而这残魂又遭逢离别,更是加倍黯然神伤。在送兄弟到越江边时,双双落泪,依依不舍。
第爱油菜教育是景语,也是情语,是用比兴手法把彼此境遇加以渲染和对照。“桂岭”,在今广西贺县东北,这里泛指柳州附近的山岭。“桂岭瘴来云似墨”,写柳州地区山林瘴气弥漫,天空乌云密布,象征自己处境险恶。“洞庭春尽水如天”,遥想行人所去之地,春尽洞庭,水阔天长,山川阻隔,相见很难了。
诗的最后一联,说自己处境不好,兄弟又远在他方,今后只能寄以相思之梦,在梦中经常梦见“郢”(今湖北江陵西北)一带的烟树。“烟”字颇能传出梦境之神。诗人说此后的“相思梦”在“郢树烟”,情谊深切,意境迷离,具有浓郁的诗味。宋代周紫芝曾在《竹坡诗话》中提出非议说:“梦中安能见郢树烟?‘烟’字只当用‘边’字。”清代马位则认为:“既云梦中,则梦境迷离,何所不可到?甚言相思之情耳。一改‘边’字,肤浅无味。”(《秋窗随笔》)近人高步瀛也说:“‘郢树边’太平凡,即不与上复,恐非子厚所用,转不如‘烟’字神远。”(《唐宋诗举要》)后二说有理。“烟”字确实状出了梦境相思的迷离惝惚之态,显得情深意浓,十分真切感人。
这首诗所抒发的并不单纯是兄弟之间的骨肉之情,同时还抒发了诗人因参加“永贞革新”而被贬窜南荒的愤懑愁苦之情。诗的第二联,正是集中地表现他长期郁结于心的愤懑与愁苦。从字面上看,“一身去国六千里,万死报荒十二年”,似乎只是对他的政治遭遇的客观实写,因为他被贬谪的地区离京城确有五、六千里,时间确有十二年之久。实际上,在“万死”、“投荒”、“六千里”、“十二年”这些词语里,就已经包藏着诗人的抑郁不平之气,怨愤凄厉之情,只不过是意在言外,不露痕迹,让人“思而得之”罢了。我们知道,柳宗元被贬的十二年,死的机会确实不少,在永州就曾四次遭火灾,差一点被烧死。诗人用“万死”这样的夸张词语,无非是要渲染自己的处境,表明他一心为国,却被长期流放到如此偏僻的“蛮荒”之地,这该是多么不公平、多么令人愤慨呵!
南宋严羽在《沧浪诗话》中说:“唐人好诗,多是征戌、迁谪、行旅、别离之作,往往能感动激发人意。”柳宗元的这首诗既叙“别离”之意,又抒“迁谪”之情。两种情意上下贯通,和谐自然地熔于一炉,确是一首难得的抒情佳作。
(贾文昭)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:柳宗元《别舍弟宗一》赏析

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  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000355s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000245s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 236 WHERE `id` = 11576 [ RunTime:0.001698s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000254s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000249s ]
0.074340s