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白居易《同李十一醉忆元九》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:240
  同李十一醉忆元九
白居易
花时同醉破春愁, 醉折花枝作酒筹。
忽忆故人天际去, 计程今日到梁州。
唐人喜欢以行第相称。这首诗中的“元九”就是在中唐诗坛上与白居易齐名的元稹。元和四年(809),元稹奉使去东川。白居易在长安,与他的弟弟白行简和李杓直(即诗题中的李十一)一同到曲江、慈恩寺春游,又到杓直家饮酒,席上忆念元稹,就写了这首诗。这是一首即景生情、因事起意之作,以情深意真见长。
诗的首句,据当时参加游宴的白行简在他写的《三梦记》中记作“春来无计破春愁”,照说应当是可靠的;但《白氏长庆集》中却作“花时同醉破春愁”。一首诗在传钞或刻印过程中会出现异文,而作者对自己的作品也会反复推敲,多次易稿。就此诗来说,白行简所记可能是初稿的字句,《白氏长庆集》所录则是最后的定稿。那么,诗人为什么要作这样的修改呢?在章法上,诗的首句是“起”,次句是“承”,第三句当是“转”。从首句与次句的关系看,把“春来无计”改为“花时同醉”,就与“醉折花枝”句承接得更紧密,而在上下两句中,“花”字与“醉”字重复颠倒运用,更有相映成趣之妙。再就首句与第三句的关系看,“春愁”原是 “忆故人”的伏笔,但如果一开头就说“无计破春愁”,到第三句将无法显示转折。这样一改动,先说春愁已因花时同醉而破,再在第三句中用“忽忆”两字陡然一转,才见波澜起伏之美,从而跌出全篇的风神。
这首诗的特点是,即席拈来,不事雕琢,以极其朴素、极其浅显的语言,表达了极其深厚、极其真挚的情意。而情意的表达,主要在篇末“计程今日到梁州”一句。“计程”由上句“忽忆”来,是“忆”的深化。故人相别,居者忆念行者时,随着忆念的深入,常会计算对方此时已否到达目的地或正在中途某地。这里,诗人意念所到,深情所注,信手写出这一生活中的实意常情,给人以特别真实、特别亲切之感。
白居易对元稹行程的计算是很准确的。当他写这首《醉忆元九》诗时,元稹正在梁州,而且写了一首《梁州梦》:“梦君同绕曲江头,也向慈恩院院游。亭吏呼人排去马,忽惊身在古梁州。”元稹对这首诗的说明是:“是夜宿汉川驿,梦与杓直、乐天同游曲江,兼入慈恩寺诸院,倏然而寤,则递乘及阶,邮吏已传呼报晓矣。”巧的是,白居易诗中写的真事竟与元稹写的梦境两相吻合。这件事,表面上有一层神秘色彩,其实是生活中完全可能出现的巧合,而这一巧合正是以元、白平日的友情为基础的。唐代长安城东南的慈恩寺和曲江是当时游赏胜地。而且,进士登科后,皇帝就在曲江赐宴;慈恩寺塔即雁塔,又是新进士题名之处。元、白两人想必常到这两处共同游宴。对元稹说来,当他在孤寂的旅途中怀念故人、追思昔游时,这两处长安名胜,不仅在日间会时时浮上他的心头,当然也会在夜间进入他的梦境。由于这样一个梦原本来自对故人、对长安、对旧游的朝夕忆念,他也只是如实写来,未事渲染,而无限相思、一片真情已全在其中。其情深意真,是可以与白诗比美的。
联系元稹的诗,更可见两人的交谊之笃,也更可见白居易的这首《忆元九》诗虽象是偶然动念,随笔成篇,却有其深厚真挚的感情基础。如果把两人的诗合起来看:一写于长安,一写于梁州;一写居者之忆,一写行人之思;一写真事,一写梦境;诗中情事却如《本事诗》所说,“合若符契”。而且,两诗写于同一天,又用的是同一韵。这是两情的异地交流和相互感应。读者不仅从诗篇的艺术魅力,而且从它的感情内容得到了真和美的享受。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:白居易《同李十一醉忆元九》赏析

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  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000312s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000409s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000580s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000545s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11608 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000767s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000505s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000297s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 241 WHERE `id` = 11608 [ RunTime:0.001714s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000279s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000313s ]
0.118972s