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刘禹锡《昼居池上亭独吟》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:228
  昼居池上亭独吟
刘禹锡
日午树阴正, 独吟池上亭。
静看蜂教诲, 闲想鹤仪形。
法酒调神气, 清琴入性灵。
浩然机已息, 几杖复何铭?
刘禹锡是我国唐代一个很有政治抱负的诗人。长期遭贬,备受打击,却仍然抗厉不屈。这首诗正是充分地表现了他的可贵品格。唯写作时间不可确考,但定于开成元年(836)分司东都以后,当无大误。
“日午树阴正,独吟池上亭。”首联两句写出了一个恬静幽雅的环境,借以衬托诗人孤独闲适的情韵。
“静看蜂教诲,闲想鹤仪形。”颔联写诗人的两个动作:看和想。并从所看所想的内容展现出诗人美好的心灵。池边花草丛生,蜜蜂飞舞。他静静看去,感到很受教益。蜜蜂“繁布金房,垒构玉室。咀嚼华滋,酿以为蜜”(郭璞《蜜蜂赋》),一生何尝偷闲?对于敌害,它们群起而攻,万死不辞,临战何尝退却?这就引起诗人深沉的思考。诗人积极参加政治革新,并写了大量讽刺权贵的诗篇,这一切都是问心无愧的。但历遭打击,也曾产生过消极退隐的念头。这里“蜂教诲”三字,说明诗人从蜂的勤奋勇敢受到启示。我国古代有“圣人师蜂”的说法。师蜂自励,表现出一种积极的生活态度。这一联出句从“看”字引出,是实写;对句“闲想鹤仪形”则从“想”字着笔,是虚写。相传鹤是君子所化(见《抱朴子》),所以“鹤仪形”也就是君子的仪形。在他另一首《鹤叹》诗里有:“徐引竹间步,远含云外情”两句,就可以想象出“鹤仪形”的神态,及诗人曲折表达的高尚人格。这里以“鹤仪形”为尚,修德至勤,表现了“身闲志不闲”的高尚情操。总的来说,这两句诗抓住蜂的勤劳勇敢和鹤的志趣高尚的属性,构成了鲜明的感性形象,是极耐人寻味的。
“法酒调神气,清琴入性灵”。颈联进一步刻画诗人的自我形象。“法酒”是按照法定规格酿造的酒。古人饮酒,有的纯系纵情享乐,有的是为了消忧,诗人饮酒则是为了“调神气”,即调节精神。这与他在《酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠》诗中说的“暂凭杯酒长精神”是一致的。下句借清琴以陶冶性灵,寄托自己高洁的情怀。紧承上联仍从“静”、“闲”两字着笔。表面上写得恬淡闲雅,而感情的伏流并不平静。接受“蜂教诲”,应该勤奋工作,勇于为人;取法“鹤仪形”,应该进德修身,心存社稷。但诗人当时已被排挤出朝,无政可从。这种主观与客观的矛盾,使诗人深感苦闷。饮酒、抚琴,既表现了诗人不甘沉沦、在寂寞中力求振拔的精神,又是诗人娱情悦志、排遣愁绪的一种方式。显然,渴望用世与琴酒自娱,从写形的角度来看,是相反的,矛盾的;而从写神的角度来看,又是相成的,统一的。颔联和颈联正是运用相反相成的艺术手法,形神兼备地写出了诗人的美好情操。
“浩然机已息,几杖复何铭?”尾联作达观之语,正好与“鹤仪形”相契合,不失为君子风度。但又以反问句作结,隐隐透出内心的不平。“浩然”是形容心胸的开阔和澹荡。“机”是机心。世人为了争权夺利,机心百出,刘禹锡无意于此,所以说“机已息”。给几、杖作铭文,往往有自警或劝诫之意。“几杖”在这里是偏义词,主要是说“杖”。刘向《杖铭》:“历危乘险,匪杖不行;年耆力竭,匪杖不强;有杖不任,颠跌谁怨?有士不用,害何足言?”本诗末句暗用刘向《杖铭》之意,讽刺朝廷“有士不用”,而又不直接点破,只是说当今为几杖作铭,毫无意义。内心的不平,仅以反语微露而不使泻出,因而诗意就显得更为含蓄了。
(吴汝煜)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:刘禹锡《昼居池上亭独吟》

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  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000303s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000284s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000329s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000212s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000391s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11654 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000309s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000357s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 229 WHERE `id` = 11654 [ RunTime:0.001588s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000222s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000261s ]
0.074742s