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张仲素《春闺思》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:200
  春闺思
张仲素
袅袅城边柳, 青青陌上桑。
提笼忘采叶, 昨夜梦渔阳。
风俗画画家画不出时间的延续,须选“包孕最丰富的片刻”画之,使人从一点窥见事件的前因后果。这一法门,对短小的文学样式似乎也合宜,比如某些短篇小说高手常用“不了了之”的办法,不到情事收场先行结束故事,任人寻味。而唐人五绝名篇也常有这种手法的运用,张仲素《春闺思》就是好例。
这诗的诗境很象画,甚而有几分象雕塑:一位采桑女子手提空笼(一种篮状竹器),斜倚在树旁,神情恍惚若有所忆……从这凝思的顷刻,借助作品标题(可命名为“梦渔阳”),观众会悟到很多画外之意。当然,诗毕竟是诗,终究有许多画图难足而只有文字可以传达的东西。
“袅袅城边柳,青青陌上桑”。城边、陌上、柳丝与桑林,已构成一幅春郊场景。“袅袅”写出柳条依人的意态,“青青”是柔桑逗人的颜色,这两个叠词又渲染出融和骀荡的无边春意。这就使读者如睹一幅村女采桑“蚕生春三月,春柳正含绿。女儿采春桑,歌吹当春曲”(《采桑度》),真可谓“无字处皆具义”。于是,这两句不仅是一般地写景,还给女主人公的怀思提供了典型环境:城边千万丝杨柳,会勾起送人的往事;而青青的柔桑,会使人联想到“昼夜常怀丝(思)”的春蚕,则思妇眼中之景无非难堪之离情了。
后二句在蚕事渐忙、众女采桑的背景上现出女主人公的特写形象:她倚树凝思,一动不动,手里提着个空“笼”——这是一个极富暗示性的“道具”,“提笼忘采叶”,表露出她身在桑下而心不在焉。心儿何往?末句就此点出“渔阳”二字,意味深长。“渔阳”是唐时征戍之地,当是这位闺中少妇所怀之人所在的地方。原来她是思念起从军的丈夫,伤心怨望。诗写到此已入正题,但它并未直说眼前少妇想夫之意,而是推到昨夜,说“昨夜梦渔阳”。写来不仅更婉曲,且能见昼夜怀思、无时或已之意,比单写眼前之思,情意更加深厚。
“提笼忘采叶”,这诗中精彩的一笔,许会使读者觉得似曾相识。杨慎早有见得,道是:“从《卷耳》首章翻出。”《诗经·卷耳》是写女子怀念征夫之诗,其首章云:“采采卷耳,不盈顷筐。嗟我怀人,置彼周行。”斜口小筐不难填满,卷耳也不难得,老采不满,是因心不在焉、老是“忘采叶”之故,其情景确与此诗有神似处。但就诗的整体说,彼此又很不同。《卷耳》接着就写了女子白日做梦,幻想丈夫上山、过冈、马疲、人病及饮酒自宽种种情景,把怀思写得非常具体。而此诗说到“梦渔阳”,似乎开了个头,接下去该写梦见什么,梦见怎样,但作者就此带住,不了了之。提笼少妇昨夜之梦境及她此刻的心情,一概留给读者,让其从人物的具体处境回味和推断,语约而意远。这就以最简的办法,获得很大的效果。因此,《春闺思》不是《卷耳》的摹拟,它已从古诗人手心“翻出”了。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:张仲素《春闺思》

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