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韩愈《八月十五日夜赠张功曹》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:237
  八月十五日夜赠张功曹
韩愈
纤云四卷天无河, 清风吹空月舒波。
沙平水息声影绝, 一杯相属君当歌。
君歌声酸辞且苦, 不能听终泪如雨:
“洞庭连天九疑高,蛟龙出没猩鼯号。
十生九死到官所, 幽居默默如藏逃。
下床畏蛇食畏药, 海气湿蛰熏腥臊。
昨者州前捶大鼓, 嗣皇继圣登夔皋。
赦书一日行万里, 罪从大辟皆除死。
迁者追回流者还, 涤瑕荡垢清朝班。
州家申名使家抑, 坎轲只得移荆蛮。
判司卑官不堪说, 未免捶楚尘埃间。
同时辈流多上道, 天路幽险难追攀。”
君歌且休听我歌, 我歌今与君殊科:
“一年明月今宵多,人生由命非由他,
有酒不饮奈明何!”
这首诗以接近散文的笔法,古朴的语言,直陈其事,不用譬喻,不用寄托,主客互相吟诵诗句,一唱一和,我中有你,你中有我,衷情共诉,洒脱疏放,别具一格。
诗里写了张署的“君歌”和作者的“我歌”。题为“赠张功曹”,却没有以“我歌”作为描写的重点,而是反客为主,把“君歌”作为主要内容,借张署之口,淋漓尽致地抒发了诗人自己的块垒不平。
诗的前四句描写八月十五日夜主客对饮的环境,如文的小序:碧空无云,清风明月,万籁俱寂。在这样的境界中,两个遭遇相同的朋友怎能不举杯痛饮,慷慨悲歌?韩愈是一个很有抱负的人,在三十二岁的时候,曾表示过“报国心皎洁,念时涕汍澜”。他不仅有忧时报国之心,而且有改善政治的能力。贞元十九年(803)天旱民饥,当时任监察御史的韩愈和张署,直言劝谏唐德宗减免关中徭赋,触怒权贵,两人同时被贬往南方,韩愈任阳山(今属广东)令,张署任临武(今属湖南)令。直至唐宪宗大赦天下时,他们仍不能回到中央任职。韩愈改官江陵府(今湖北江陵)法曹参军,张署改官江陵府功曹参军。得到改官的消息,韩愈心情很复杂,于是借中秋之夜,对饮赋诗抒怀,并赠给同病相怜的张署。
诗的开头在描写月夜环境之后,用“一杯相属君当歌”一转,引出了张署的悲歌,是全诗的主要部分。
诗人先写自己对张署“歌”的直接评论:说它声音酸楚,言辞悲苦,因而“不能听终泪如雨”,说明二人心境相同,感动极深。
张署的歌,首先叙述了被贬南迁时经受的苦难,山高水阔,路途漫长,蛟龙出没,野兽悲号,地域荒僻,风波险恶。好容易“十生九死到官所”,而到达贬所更是 “幽居默默如藏逃”。接着又写南方偏远之地多毒蛇,“下床”都可畏,出门行走就更不敢了;且有一种蛊药之毒,随时可以制人死命,饮食要十分当心,还有那湿蛰腥臊的“海气”,也使人受不了。这一大段对自然环境的夸张描写,也是诗人当时政治境遇的写照。
上面对贬谪生活的描述,情调是感伤而低沉的,下面一转,而以欢欣鼓舞的激情,歌颂大赦令的颁行,文势波澜起伏。唐宪宗即位,大赦天下。诗中写那宣布赦书时的隆隆鼓声,那传送赦书时日行万里的情景,场面的热烈,节奏的欢快,都体现出诗人心情的欢快。特别是大赦令宣布:“罪从大辟皆除死”,“迁者追回流者还”,这当然使韩、张二人感到回京有望。然而,事情并不如此简单。写到这里,诗情又一转折,尽管大赦令写得明明白白,但由于“使家”的阻挠,他们仍然不能回朝廷任职。“坎轲只得移荆蛮”,“只得”二字,把那种既心有不满又无可奈何的心情,完全表现出来了。地是“荆蛮”之地,职又是“判司”一类的小官,卑小到要常受长官“捶楚”的地步。面对这种情况,他们发出了深深的慨叹:“同时辈流多上道,天路幽险难追攀”。“天路幽险”,政治形势还是相当险恶啊!
以上诗人通过张署之歌,倾吐了自己不平的遭遇,心中的郁积,写得形象具体,淋漓尽致,笔墨酣畅。诗人既已借别人的酒杯浇了自己的块垒,没必要再直接出面抒发自己的感慨了,所以用“君歌且休听我歌,我歌今与君殊科”,一接一转,写出了自己的议论。仅写了三句:一是写今夜月色最好,照应题目的“八月十五”;二是写命运在天;三是写面对如此良夜应当开怀痛饮。表面看来这三句诗很平淡,实际上却是诗中最着力最精彩之笔。韩愈从切身遭遇中,深深感到宦海浮沉,祸福无常,自己很难掌握自己的命运。“人生由命非同他”,寄寓了极深的感慨,表面上归之于命,实际有许多难言的苦衷。八月十五的夜晚,明月如镜,悬在碧空蓝天,不开怀痛饮,岂不辜负这美好的月色!再说,借酒浇愁,还可以暂时忘掉心头的烦恼。于是情绪又由悲伤转而旷达。然而这不过是故作旷达而已。短短数语,似淡实浓,言近旨远,在欲说还休的背后,别有一种耐人寻思的深味。从感情上说,由贬谪的悲伤到大赦的喜悦,又由喜悦坠入量移“荆蛮”的怨愤,最后在无可奈何中故作旷达。抑扬开阖,转折变化,章法波澜曲折,有一唱三叹之妙。全诗换韵很多,韵脚灵活,音节起伏变化,很好地表现了感情的发展变化,使诗歌既雄浑恣肆又宛转流畅。从结构上说,首与尾用酒和明月先后照应,轻清简炼,使结构完整,也加深了意境的悲凉。
(张燕瑾)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:韩愈《八月十五日夜赠张功曹》

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  139. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Response.php ( 8.81 KB )
  140. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  142. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001722s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.002605s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000349s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000513s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000290s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000453s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001427s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001805s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000346s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000315s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001478s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.002111s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.001051s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000800s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000621s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11678 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000623s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000953s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000565s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 238 WHERE `id` = 11678 [ RunTime:0.002875s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000309s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000304s ]
0.189308s