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韩愈《雉带箭》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:246
  雉带箭
韩愈
原头火烧静兀兀, 野雉畏鹰出复没。
将军欲以巧伏人, 盘马弯弓惜不发。
地形渐窄观者多, 雉惊弓满劲箭加。
冲人决起百余尺, 红翎白镞随倾斜。
将军仰笑军吏贺, 五色离披马前堕。
唐德宗贞元十五年(799),韩愈在徐州武宁军节度使张建封幕中。秋,被辟为节度推官。本诗写随从张建封射猎的情景,寥寥十句,波澜起伏,神采飞动,“短幅中有龙跳虎卧之观。”(汪琬《批韩诗》)宋代苏轼非常喜爱这诗,亲自用大字书写,以为妙绝。
首句写猎场的情境:原野上猎火熊熊燃烧,四周围静悄悄的。一个“静”字,传出画面之神,烘托猎前肃穆的气氛,由此可以想见从猎人员屏气静息,全神贯注地伫伺猎物的情态。这是猎射前的静态,与下文猎射时和猎射后的动态,成强烈的对照。次句把读者注意引向猎射的对象雉鸡,笔墨简捷精炼,衔接自然紧密。野雉被猎火驱出草木丛,一见猎鹰,吓得急忙又躲藏起来。“出复没”三字形容逼肖,活现出野雉惊惶逃窜的窘态,与下边“惜不发”呼应。阁本李谢校改作“伏欲没”,就索然无味了。两句是猎射前的情景。
三、四句转入猎射,写将军的心理活动和猎射时的风度、神采。将军出猎自然不是单纯为了觅取野味,而是要显示自己的神功巧技。所以,他骑马盘旋不进,拉满强劲的弓,又舍不得轻易发箭。近人程学恂《韩诗臆说》评道:“二句写射之妙处,全在未射时,是能于空际得神。”所谓空际得神,就是不在实处作穷形极相之语。诗人不写将军如何勇猛敢决,也不写他如何纵横驰骤,呼鹰嗾犬,白羽交飞,围场中惯见的情景全部略去不提,而只选取了“盘马弯弓”这一特定的镜头,以突出将军矜持、自信、踌躇满志的神态。这里的巧,不仅指射技的精巧,更主要的是写人的智谋,写将军运筹的巧妙。这位将军不专恃武功取胜,他盘马弯弓,审情度势,选择着最能表现自己精湛射技的时机。他要象汉朝飞将军李广那样,“度不中不发,发必应弦而倒”,要一举使众人折服。一位有血有肉、有着鲜明性格特征的将军形象,便显现在我们眼前。两句笔势顿挫,用意精深。
接着两句写“巧”。野雉隐没之处,地势渐渐狭窄,野雉处于“人稠网密,地迫势胁”(曹植《七启》)的窘境,要继续窜伏已不可能;观猎的人越来越多,大家都饶有兴味地观赏将军猎射。这是将军一显身手的时机。正当野雉受惊乍飞的一刹那,将军从容地引满弓,“嗖”的一声,强有力的箭,迅猛而准确地命中雉鸡。 “雉惊弓满箭加”,一“惊”一“满”一“劲”一“加”,紧凑简炼,干脆有力,“巧”字之意于此全出。
诗写到这里,似乎意已尽了。然而诗中忽起波澜,那只受伤的野雉带箭“冲人决起百余尺”,向着人猛地冲起百多尺高,可见这是只勇猛的雉鸡。侧写一笔,更显出将军的绝妙射技。“红翎白镞随倾斜”,野雉强作挣扎之后,终于筋疲力尽,带箭悠悠而堕,染血的翎毛和雪亮的箭镞也随之倾斜落下。这正是樊汝霖所谓“读之其状如在目前,盖写物之妙者”,非亲历其境者不能道。诗写到这里,才直接点题,真是一波三折,盘屈跳荡。以写长篇古风的笔法来写小诗,更觉丰神超迈,情趣横生。
末两句在热烈的气氛中关合全诗。先以“仰笑”二字,极为传神地突现将军个人的性格特征,一位地方主帅骄矜得意的神气跃然纸上,接着以“军吏贺”照应前面 “伏人”,写出围观的军吏敬服将军绝妙的射技,为他的成功庆贺。末句接写“雉带箭”——一只五彩缤纷的野雉,毛羽散乱地堕向将军的马前。诗戛然而止,然余响不绝,韵味无穷。
清人朱彝尊《批韩诗》评云:“句句实境,写来绝妙,是昌黎极得意诗,亦正是昌黎本色。”道出了韩愈善于捕捉艺术形象以描述客观事物的高超艺术手腕。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:韩愈《雉带箭》

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  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.006290s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000533s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001682s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.004522s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000375s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.004377s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.002541s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.003839s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000422s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000547s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.001363s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11679 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002729s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.002050s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000274s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 247 WHERE `id` = 11679 [ RunTime:0.001805s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000282s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001641s ]
0.344843s