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薛涛《筹边楼》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:239
  筹边楼
薛涛
平临云鸟八窗秋, 壮压西川四十州。
诸将莫贪羌族马, 最高层处见边头!
距杜甫浣花草堂不远的成都近郊,至今还耸立一座薛涛“吟诗楼”,点缀着锦江玉垒的秀丽风光,那是薛涛晚年栖息吟咏之地。“万里桥边女校书,枇杷花里闭门居。扫眉才子知多少,管领春风总不如。”读了王建这首《寄蜀中薛涛校书》,不难想象,这颗闪闪发光的诗坛明星,是如何为当时所倾倒,而她的晚年生活,又是过得多么安闲宁静!然而,她没有躲在枇杷门巷这清幽的小天地里把自己和现实隔绝开来,这首《筹边楼》,便是她关怀时事政治心情的真实写照。
筹边楼在成都西郊,是大和四年(830)李德裕任剑南西川节度使时所建。据《通鉴》记载:“德裕至镇,作筹边楼,图蜀地形,南入南诏,西达吐蕃。日召老于军旅、习边事者,虽走卒蛮夷无所间,访以山川、城邑、道路险易,广狭远近。未逾月,皆若身尝涉历。”可见李德裕建这楼,不仅供登览之用,而且与军事有关。在他的任内,收复过被吐蕃占据的维州城,西川地方一直很安定。大和六年十一月,李德裕调任离蜀,此后边疆纠纷又起。诗中的“羌旅”,就是指吐蕃而言的。这时,薛涛已是七十左右的老人了。她感慨时事,写了这首诗。
诗的开头两句写楼。说“平临云鸟”,则楼之崇高可想;说“八窗秋”,则天旷气清、四望无际的情景可见。次句“壮压西川四十州”,着一“壮”字,点明筹边楼据西川首府形胜之地。两句不但写得气象万千,而且连李德裕当时建楼的用意,诗人百端交集的今昔之感,也都包孕于其中了。后两句寓严正谴责于沉痛慨叹之中,便是从这里生发出来的;意思是说,由于将军们的眼光短浅,贪婪掠夺,召来了与羌族的战争,而他们又没有抗御的能力,以至连这西川的首府成都,都受到战争的威胁。
诗以“最高层处见边头”作结,这“高”,这“见”,和首句的“平临云鸟”遥相呼应;而“见边头”,则和次句的“壮压西川”是个鲜明的对照。意思是这座巍然屹立的高楼,它曾经是全蜀政治军事的心脏,成为西川制高点的象征;而今时移事异,登楼便能看到边地的烽火了。通过这样的对照,西川地区今昔形势的变化,朝廷用人的得失,都从这座具有特定历史意义的建筑物集中地表现了出来;而诗人抚时感事、忧深思远的心情,亦即杜甫所说“西蜀地形天下险,安危还仗出群才” (《诸将》)之意,也就深情若诉了。再从句法上来看,“诸将”句突然一转,和上文似乎脱了节;而末句又一笔兜了回来,仍然归结到筹边楼,说的仍然是登楼眺览,真是硬语盘空,力透纸背!
在一首短短的七言绝句里,有议论,有感慨;有叙述,有描写;有动荡开阖,有含蓄顿挫,是不多见的。胡应麟论唐人绝句有云:“盛唐绝句,兴象玲珑,句意深婉,无工可见,无迹可寻。中唐遽减风神,晚唐大露筋骨。”(《诗薮·内编》)单就不同时期的艺术风貌来讲,这话是有一定道理的,然而这也和中晚唐绝句题材的扩大、内容的加深有关。发展中有成功之处,也会有失败的地方,要作具体分析。象这诗虽“露筋骨”,但仍不失唱叹之音,并非以议论为诗,并不流于概念化。它的意味深长,耐人寻绎不尽。
(马茂元)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:薛涛《筹边楼》赏析

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  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000568s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11681 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000379s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000490s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000300s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 240 WHERE `id` = 11681 [ RunTime:0.001633s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000275s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000307s ]
0.268655s