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常建《宿王昌龄隐居》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:219
  宿王昌龄隐居
常建
清溪深不测, 隐处唯孤云。
松际露微月, 清光犹为君。
茅亭宿花影, 药院滋苔纹。
余亦谢时去, 西山鸾鹤群。
这是一首山水隐逸诗,在盛唐已传为名篇。到清代,更受“神韵派”的推崇,同《题破山寺后禅院》并为常建代表作品。
常建和王昌龄是开元十五年(727)同科进士及第的宦友和好友。但在出仕后的经历和归宿却不大相同。常建“沦于一尉”,只做过盱眙县尉,此后便辞官归隐于武昌樊山,即西山。王昌龄虽然仕途坎坷,却并未退隐。题曰“宿王昌龄隐居”,一是指王昌龄出仕前隐居之处,二是说当时王昌龄不在此地。
王昌龄及第时大约已有三十七岁。此前,他曾隐居石门山。山在今安徽含山县境内,即本诗所说“清溪”所在。常建任职的盱眙,即今江苏盱眙,与石门山分处淮河南北。常建辞官西返武昌樊山,大概渡淮绕道不远,就近到石门山一游,并在王昌龄隐居处住了一夜。
首联写王昌龄隐居所在。“深不测”一作“深不极”,并非指水的深度,而是说清溪水流入石门山深处,见不到头。王昌龄隐居处便在清溪水流入的石门山上,望去只看见一片白云。齐梁隐士、“山中宰相”陶弘景对齐高帝说:“山中何所有?岭上多白云。只可自怡悦,不堪持赠君。”因而山中白云便沿为隐者居处的标志,清高风度的象征。但陶弘景是著名阔隐士,白云多;王昌龄却贫穷,云也孤,而更见出清高。清人徐增说:“惟见孤云,是昌龄不在,并觉其孤也。”这样理解,也具情趣。
中间两联即写夜宿王昌龄隐居处所见所感。王昌龄住处清贫幽雅,一座孤零零的茅屋,即所谓“茅亭”。屋前有松树,屋边种花,院里莳药,见出他的为人和情趣,独居而情不孤,遁世而爱生活。常建夜宿此地,举头望见松树梢头,明月升起,清光照来,格外有情,而无心可猜。想来明月不知今夜主人不在,换了客人,依然多情来伴,故云“犹为君”,“君”指王昌龄。这既暗示王昌龄不在,更表现隐逸生活的清高情趣。夜宿茅屋是孤独的,而抬眼看见窗外屋边有花影映来,也别具情意。到院里散步,看见王昌龄莳养的药草长得很好。因为久无人来,路面长出青苔,所以茂盛的药草却滋养了青苔。这又暗示主人不在已久,更在描写隐逸情趣的同时,流露出一种惋惜和期待的情味,表现得含蓄微妙。
末联便写自己的归志。“鸾鹤群”用江淹《登庐山香炉峰》“此山具鸾鹤,往来尽仙灵”语,表示将与鸾鹤仙灵为侣,隐逸终生。这里用了一个“亦”字,很妙。实际上这时王昌龄已登仕路,不再隐居。这“亦”字是虚晃,故意也是善意地说要学王昌龄隐逸,步王昌龄同道,借以婉转地点出讽劝王昌龄坚持初衷而归隐的意思。其实,这也就是本诗的主题思想。题曰“宿王昌龄隐居”,旨在招王昌龄归隐。
这首诗的艺术特点确同《题破山寺后禅院》,“其旨远,其兴僻,佳句辄来,唯论意表”。诗人善于在平易地写景中蕴含着深长的比兴寄喻,形象明朗,诗旨含蓄,而意向显豁,发人联想。就此诗而论,诗人巧妙地抓住王昌龄从前隐居的旧地,深情地赞叹隐者王昌龄的清高品格和隐逸生活的高尚情趣,诚挚地表示讽劝和期望仕者王昌龄归来的意向。因而在构思和表现上,“唯论意表”的特点更为突出,终篇都赞此劝彼,意在言外,而一片深情又都借景物表达,使王昌龄隐居处的无情景物都充满对王昌龄的深情,愿王昌龄归来。但手法又只是平实描叙,不拟人化。所以,其动人在写情,其悦人在传神,艺术风格确实近王、孟一派。
(倪其心)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:常建《宿王昌龄隐居》

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  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000269s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000267s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000260s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000257s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000336s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000209s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000408s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11708 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000299s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000398s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000242s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 220 WHERE `id` = 11708 [ RunTime:0.001571s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000239s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000257s ]
0.172024s