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李益《汴河曲》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:225
  汴河曲
李益
汴水东流无限春, 隋家宫阙已成尘。
行人莫上长堤望, 风起杨花愁杀人。
这是一首怀古诗。题中的汴河,唐人习指隋炀帝所开的通济渠的东段,即运河从板渚(今河南荥阳北)到盱眙入淮的一段。当年隋炀帝为了游览江都,前后动员了百余万民工凿通济渠,沿岸堤上种植柳树,世称隋堤。还在汴水之滨建造了豪华的行宫。这条汴河,是隋炀帝穷奢极欲、耗尽民膏,最终自取灭亡的历史见证。诗人的吊古伤今之情、历史沧桑之感就是从眼前的汴河引发出来的。
首句撇开隋亡旧事,正面重笔写汴河春色。汴水碧波,悠悠东流,堤上碧柳成阴,柔丝袅娜,两岸绿野千里,田畴相接,望中一片无边春色。悠悠而去的汴河流水,引人在想象中瞩目于两岸千里春色,使本来比较抽象的“无限春”三字具有鲜明的形象感,不着痕迹地过渡到第二句。刘禹锡《杨柳枝》说:“炀帝行宫汴水滨”。第二句中的“隋家宫阙”即特指汴水边的炀帝行宫。春色常在,但当年豪华的隋宫则已经荒废颓败,只留下断井残垣供人凭吊了。“已成尘”,用夸张笔墨强调往日豪华荡然无存,与上句春色之无边、永恒,形成怵目惊心的强烈对照,以见人世沧桑、历史无情。“台城六代竞豪华,结绮临春事最奢。万户千门成野草,只缘一曲后庭花”,包含在“隋家宫阙已成尘”中的意蕴,不正是这种深沉的历史感慨吗?
一、二两句还是就春色常在、豪华不存这一点泛泛抒感,三、四则进一步抓住汴水春色的典型代表──隋堤柳色来抒写感慨。柳絮春风,飘荡如雪,本是令人心情骀荡的美好春光,但眼前这汴河堤柳,却绾结着隋代的兴亡,历史的沧桑,满目春色,不但不使人怡情悦目,反而让人徒增感慨了。当年隋炀帝沿堤树柳,本是为他南游江都的豪奢行为点缀风光的,到头来,这隋堤烟柳反倒成了荒淫亡国的历史见证,让后人在它面前深切感受到豪奢易尽,历史无情。那随风飘荡、漫天飞舞的杨花,在怀着深沉历史感慨的诗人眼里,仿佛正是隋代豪华消逝的一种象征(杨花的杨与杨隋的杨也构成一种意念上的自然联系,很容易让人产生由此及彼的联想)。不过,更使人感怆不已的,或许还是这样一种客观现实:尽管隋鉴不远,覆辙在前,但当代的封建统治者却并没有从亡隋的历史中汲取深刻的教训。哀而不鉴,只能使后人复哀今人。这,也许正是“行人莫上长堤望,风起杨花愁杀人”这两句诗所寓含的更深一层的意旨吧。
怀古与咏史,就抒写历史感慨、寄寓现实政治感受这一点上看,有相通之处。但咏史多因事兴感,重在寓历史鉴戒之意;怀古则多触景生情,重在抒今昔盛衰之感。前者较实,后者较虚;前者较具体,后者较空灵。将李益的这首诗和题材、内容与之相近的李商隐咏史七绝《隋宫》略作对照,便可看出二者的同异。《隋宫》抓住“春风举国裁宫锦,半作障泥半作帆”这一典型事例,见南游江都所造成的巨大靡费,以寓奢淫亡国的历史教训;《汴河曲》则但就汴水春色、堤柳飞花与隋宫的荒凉颓败作对照映衬,于今昔盛衰中寓历史感慨。一则重在“举隅见烦费”,一则重在“引古惜兴亡”。如果看不到它们的共同点,就可能把怀古诗看成单纯的吊古和对历史的感伤,忽略其中所寓含的伤今之意;如果看不到它们的不同点,又往往容易认为怀古诗的内容过于虚泛。怀古诗的价值往往不易被充分认识,这大概是一个重要原因。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李益《汴河曲》

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  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000370s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000502s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000250s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000601s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11744 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002114s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000538s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001654s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 226 WHERE `id` = 11744 [ RunTime:0.004622s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000321s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000310s ]
0.261650s