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韦应物《幽居》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:244
  幽 居
韦应物
贵贱虽异等, 出门皆有营。
独无外物牵, 遂此幽居情。
微雨夜来过, 不知春草生。
青山忽已曙, 鸟雀绕舍鸣。
时与道人偶, 或随樵者行。
自当安蹇劣, 谁谓薄世荣。
韦应物的山水诗“高雅闲淡,自成一家之体”(白居易《与元九书》),形式多用五古。《幽居》就是比较有名的一首。
诗人从十五岁到五十四岁,在官场上度过了四十年左右的时光,其中只有两次短暂的闲居。《幽居》这首诗大约就写于他辞官闲居的时候。全篇描写了一个悠闲宁静的境界,反映了诗人幽居独处、知足保和的心情。在思想内容上虽没有多少积极意义,但其中有佳句为世人称道,因而历来受到人们的重视。
“贵贱虽异等,出门皆有营”,开头二句是写诗人对世路人情的看法,意思是说世人无论贵贱高低,总要为生活而出门奔走营谋,尽管身分不同,目的不一,而奔走营生都是一样的。这两句,虽平平写来,多少透露出一点感慨,透露出他对人生道路坎坷不平,人人都要为生存而到处奔走的厌倦之情,但诗人并不是要抒发这种感慨,也不是要描写人生道路的艰难,而是用世人“皆有营”作背景,反衬自己此时幽居的清闲,也就是举世辛劳而我独闲了。
所以“独无外物牵,遂此幽居情”,便是以上二句作反衬而来,表现了诗人悠然自得的心情。由于对官场现实的不满,他曾经说过:“日夕思自退,出门望故山。君心倘如此,携手相与还”(《高陵书情寄三原卢少府》),表示了归隐的愿望。如今,他能够辞官归来,实现了无事一身轻的愿望,自然是满怀欣喜。
吴乔在《围炉诗话》中说:“景物无自生,惟情所化。情哀则景哀,情乐则景乐。”韦应物此时的心情是愉快的、安闲的,因而在他笔下所描绘出的景物也自然著上轻松愉快、明丽新鲜的色彩。下边六句是以愉悦的笔调对幽居生活作具体描写。
“微雨夜来过,不知春草生。青山忽已曙,鸟雀绕舍鸣。”这四句全用白描手法。“微雨”两句,是人们赞赏的佳句。这里说“微雨”,是对早春细雨的准确描绘;“夜来过”,着一“过”字,便写出了诗人的感受。显然他并没有看到这夜来的春雨,只是从感觉上得来,因而与下句的“不知”关合,写的是感觉和联想。这两句看来描写的是景而实际是写情,写诗人对夜来细微春雨的喜爱和对春草在微雨滋润下成长的欣慰。这里有一派生机盎然的春天气息,也有诗人热爱大自然的愉快情趣。比之谢灵运的“池塘生春草,园柳变鸣禽”(《登池上楼》),要更含蓄、蕴藉,更丰富新鲜,饶有生意。“青山忽已曙,鸟雀绕舍鸣”,是上文情景的延伸与烘托。这里不独景色秾鲜,也有诗人幽居的宁静和心情的喜悦。真是有声有色,清新酣畅。
这四句是诗人对自己幽居生活的一个片断的描绘,他只截取了早春清晨一个短暂时刻的山中景物和自己的感受,然后加以轻轻点染,便在读者面前呈现出一幅生动的图画,同时诗人幽居的喜悦、知足保和的情趣也在这画面中透露出来。
接下去,“时与道人偶,或随樵者行。”“时与”、“或随”,说明有时与道士相邂逅,有时同樵夫相过从,这些事都不是经常的,也就是说,诗人幽居山林,很少与人交游。这样,他的清幽淡漠、平静悠闲则是可想而知了。
韦应物实现了脱离官场,幽居山林,享受可爱的清流、茂树、云物的愿望,他感到心安理得,因而“自当安蹇劣,谁谓薄世荣”。“蹇劣”,笨拙愚劣的意思; “薄世荣”,鄙薄世人对富贵荣华的追求。这里用了《魏志·王粲传》的典故。《王粲传》中说到徐干,引了裴松之注说:徐干“轻官忽禄,不耽世荣”。韦应物所说的与徐干有所不同,韦应物这二句的意思是:我本就是笨拙愚
劣的人,过这种幽居生活自当心安理得,怎么能说我是那种鄙薄世上荣华富贵的高雅之士呢!对这两句,我们不能单纯理解为是诗人的解嘲,因为诗人并不是完全看破红尘而去归隐,他只是对官场的昏暗有所厌倦,想求得解脱,因而辞官幽居。一旦有机遇,他还是要进入仕途的。所以诗人只说自己的愚拙,不说自己的清高,把自己同真隐士区别开来。这既表示了他对幽居独处、独善其身的满足,又表示了对别人的追求并不鄙弃。
韦应物的诗受陶渊明、谢灵运、王维、孟浩然等前辈诗人的影响很大,前人说:“应物五言古体源出于陶,而化于三谢,故真而不朴,华而不绮”(《四库全书总目提要》),又说:“一寄穗秾鲜于简淡之中,渊明以来,盖一人而已”。这些评价并不十分恰当,但是可以说明韦诗的艺术价值和艺术风格的。
(张秉戍)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:韦应物《幽居》

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  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.007781s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.001284s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002536s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000465s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000297s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000466s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.002754s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001934s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001160s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000328s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.001906s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000331s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000404s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000835s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.001976s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11760 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001979s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000498s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000278s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 245 WHERE `id` = 11760 [ RunTime:0.001666s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000270s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000292s ]
0.207393s