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韦应物《寒食寄京师诸弟》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:232
  寒食寄京师诸弟
韦应物
雨中禁火空斋冷, 江上流莺独坐听。
把酒看花想诸弟, 杜陵寒食草青青。
韦应物诗集中收录寄诸弟诗近二十首,可以看出他是一个手中情深的诗人。而正由于出自性情,发自胸臆,所以这首诗虽只是即景拈来,就事写出,却令人感到蕴含深厚,情意悠长。
就章法而言,这首诗看似平铺直叙,顺笔写来,而针线极其绵密。诗的首句从近处着笔,实写客中寒食的景色;末句从远方落想,遥念故园寒食的景色。这一起一收,首尾呼应,紧扣诗题。中间两句,一句暗示独坐异乡,一句明写想念诸弟,上下绾合,承接自然。两句中,一个“独”字、一个“想”字,对全篇有穿针引线的妙用。第二句的“独”字,既是上句“空”字的延伸,又是下句“想”字的伏笔;而第三句的“想”字,既由上句“独”字生发,又统辖下句,直贯到篇末,说明杜陵青草之思是由人及物,由想诸弟而联想及之。从整首诗看,它是句句相承,暗中钩连,一气流转,浑然成章的。
在表面上,这首诗,除第三句直抒情意外,通篇写景;而从四句之间的内在联系看,正是这第三句在全诗中居主位,其余三句居宾位,一切雨中空斋、江上流莺以及杜陵草青之景,都是围绕第三句而写的。王夫之在《夕堂永日绪论》中说:“无论诗歌与长行文字,俱以意为主。”又说:“诗文俱有主宾。无主之宾,谓之乌合。”这首诗的第三句,如他所说,是“立一主以待宾”。这样,上下三句就不是乌合的无主之宾,“乃俱有情而相浃洽”。换言之,正因为诗人情深意真,在下笔时把“想诸弟”的情意贯串、融合在全诗之中,就使四句诗相互浃洽,成为一个极其和谐的整体。
当然,宾虽然不能无主,而主也不能无宾。这首诗的第三句又有赖于上两句和下一句的烘托。这首诗的一、二两句,看来不过如实写出身边景、眼前事,但也含有许多层次和曲折。第一句所写景象,寒食禁火,万户无烟,本来已经够萧索的了,更逢阴雨,又在空斋,再加气候与心情的双重清冷,这样一层加一层地写足了环境气氛。第二句同样有多层意思,“江上”是一层,“流莺”是一层,“坐听”是一层,而“独坐”又是一层。这句,本是随换句而换景,既对春江,又听流莺,一变上句所写的萧索景象,但在本句中却用一个“独”字又折转回来,在多层次中更显示了曲折。两句合起来,对第三句中表达的“想诸弟”之情起了层层烘染、反复衬托的作用。至于紧接在第三句后的结尾一句,把诗笔宕开,寄想象于故园的寒食景色,就更收烘托之妙,进一步托出了“想诸弟”之情,使人更感到情深意远。
这首诗,运笔空灵,妙有含蓄,而主要得力于结尾一句。这个结句,就本句说是景中见情,就全篇说是以景结情,收到藏深情于行间、见风韵于篇外的艺术效果。它与王维《山中送别》诗“春草明年绿,王孙归不归”句,都取意于《楚辞·招隐士》“王孙游兮不归,春草生兮萋萋”。但王维句是明写,语意实;这一句是暗点,更显得蕴藉有味。它既透露了诗人的归思,也表达了对诸弟、对故园的怀念。这里,人与地的双重怀念是交相触发、融合为一的。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:韦应物《寒食寄京师诸弟》

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  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 233 WHERE `id` = 11762 [ RunTime:0.002974s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000295s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000338s ]
0.248078s