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柳中庸《征人怨》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:230
  征人怨
柳中庸
岁岁金河复玉关, 朝朝马策与刀环。
三春白雪归青冢, 万里黄河绕黑山。
这是一首传诵极广的边塞诗。诗中写到的金河、青冢、黑山,都在今内蒙古自治区境内,唐时属单于都护府。由此可以推断,这首诗写的是一个隶属于单于都护府的征人的怨情。全诗四句,一句一景,表面上似乎不相连属,实际上却统一于“征人”的形象,都围绕着一个“怨”字铺开。
前两句就时记事,说的是:年复一年,东西奔波,往来边城;日复一日,跃马横刀,征战不休。“金河”,即大黑河,在今内蒙古呼和浩特市南。“玉关”,即甘肃玉门关。金河在东而玉门关在西,相距很远,但都是边陲前线。“马策”,即马鞭。“刀环”,刀柄上的铜环。马策、刀环虽小而微,然而对于表现军中生活来说却有典型性,足以引起对征戍之事的一系列的联想。这两句“岁岁”、“朝朝”相对,“金河”、“玉关”,“马策”、“刀环”并举,又加以“复”字、“与” 字,给人以单调困苦、不尽无穷之感,怨情自然透出。
前两句从“岁岁”说到“朝朝”,似乎已经把话说尽。然而对于满怀怨情的征人来说,这只是说着了一面。他不仅从那无休止的时间中感到怨苦之无时不在,而且还从即目所见的景象中感到怨苦之无处不有,于是又有三、四句之作。
“青冢”是西汉时王昭君的坟墓,在今呼和浩特市境内,当时被认为是远离中原的一处极僻远荒凉的地方。传说塞外草白,惟独昭君墓上草色发青,故称青冢。时届暮春,在苦寒的塞外却 “春色未曾看”,所见者唯有白雪落向青冢而已。萧杀如此,怎不令人凄绝?末句写边塞的山川形势:滔滔黄河,绕过沉沉黑山,复又奔腾向前。黄河和黑山相隔甚远,这里不可坐实理解。上句说青冢,这里自然想起青冢附近的黑山,并用一个“绕”字牵合,寄寓绵绵怨情。这两句写景,似与诗题无关,其实都是征人常见之景,常履之地,因而从白雪青冢与黄河黑山这两幅图画里,我们不仅看到征戍之地的寒苦与荒凉,也可以感受到征人转战跋涉的苦辛。诗虽不直接发为怨语,而蕴蓄于其中的怨恨之情足以使人回肠荡气。
通篇不着一个“怨”字,却又处处弥漫着怨情。诗人抓住产生怨情的缘由,从时间与空间两方面落笔,让“岁岁”、“朝朝”的戎马生涯以及“三春白雪”与“黄河”、“黑山”的自然景象去现身说法,收到了“不着一字,尽得风流”的艺术效果。而这首诗的谨严工整也历来为人称道。诗不仅每句自对(如首句中的“金河” 对“玉关”),又两联各自成对。后一联的对仗尤其讲究:数字对(“三”、“万”)与颜色对(“白”、“青”、“黄”、“黑”)同时出现在一联之中;颜色对中,四种色彩交相辉映,使诗歌形象富于色泽之美;动词“归”、“绕”对举,略带拟人色彩,显得别具情韵。这样精工的绝句,确是不多见的。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:柳中庸《征人怨》赏析

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