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顾况《囝》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:248
  囝
顾况
囝,哀闽也
囝生闽方, 闽吏得之, 乃绝其阳。
为臧为获, 致金满屋。
为髡为钳, 如视草木。
天道无知, 我罹其毒。
神道无知, 彼受其福。
郎罢别囝, 吾悔生汝。
及汝既生, 人劝不举。
不从人言, 果获是苦。
囝别郎罢, 心摧血下。
隔地绝天, 及至黄泉, 不得在郎罢前。  
唐代的闽地(今福建),地主、官僚、富商相勾结,经常掠卖儿童,摧残他们的身体,把他们变为奴隶。《囝》就是这种残酷行为的真实写照。
诗人首先叙述闽童被掠为奴的经过。前三句交代了这种野蛮风俗盛行的地区(闽方)、戕害闽地儿童的凶手(闽吏)以及戕害儿童的方式(绝其阳),极其简练。然后叙述奴隶的痛苦生活。诗人没有列举具体生活事例,而只是并列摆出一种极不公平的现象:奴隶为主人“致金满屋”,本应受到较好的待遇,然而却被视如草木,受到非人待遇。金,极言其贵;草木,极言其贱。一贵与一贱,两相比照,揭露奴隶所受待遇的不合理,写出了奴隶生活的不堪忍受。
诗人并没有停留在这一般的叙述上,接着又透过这一生活现象,把笔触深入到人物的内心世界,揭示出奴隶们的满腔怨愤:“天道无知,我罹其毒。神道无知,彼受其福。”悲惨的身世,痛苦的生活,使他们的怨愤非常之深,以致连封建社会里视若神圣的“天道”和“神道”,都被他们诅咒起来──都是上天和神灵无知,才造成如此不公平的世道!这里“彼”“我”对举,形象地揭示出对立的阶级关系──奴隶主们之所以能够大享其福,正是建筑在奴隶遭受荼毒的基础上的。这四句心理描写,真实地反映了奴隶们的思想感情。
以上是对奴隶一般生活境遇和痛苦心理的描绘。“郎罢别囝”以下,诗人抽出一个具体场景,用细腻的笔触描写囝被掠为奴,同郎罢分别时父子痛不欲生的情景。
诗人把囝同郎罢的心理对照来写,笔墨摇曳多姿,错落有致。写郎罢,处处从他违反常情的心理着笔。在封建社会,人们都希望人丁兴旺,又由于重男轻女的习惯,尤其希望生男孩。可是这位做父亲的却后悔不该生男孩,生下后更不该养育他。这看来很“反常”。然而,正是从种“反常”中,才表现了他的断肠悲痛和对孩子的深爱。“人劝不举”一语更进一步说明,受这种野蛮风俗之害的,绝不是一家一户的个别现象,闽地人民受害之惨,受害之广,使人人都心怀恐惧。写囝,则是着力刻画他对郎罢的依恋,完全是小孩子的心理。这种对照的心理描写,生动细致地刻画出父子相依、不忍分离的骨肉亲情。而造成生离死别、痛不欲生的,却正是那些掠卖儿童的人。所以,这种描写既是对苦难人民的深厚同情,也是对残民害物者的愤怒控诉。
诗人在这首诗的小序中说:“哀闽也”。对闽地人民的不幸遭遇表示同情,却通篇不发一句议论,而是用白描的手法,把血淋淋的事实展现在读者面前,让事实来说话,产生了雄辩的力量,因而比简单的说教内涵更丰富。诗人继承《诗经》的讽谕精神,形式上也有意仿效诗经,取首句的第一个字为题,采用四言体,并且大胆采用了闽地方言如“囝”“郎罢”入诗,使诗歌在古朴之中流露着强烈的地方色彩和浓郁的生活气息。
(张燕瑾)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:顾况《囝》

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  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 249 WHERE `id` = 11784 [ RunTime:0.001623s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000241s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000252s ]
0.074749s