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元结《贼退示官吏并序》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:95
  贼退示官吏并序
元结
癸卯岁,西原贼入道州,焚烧杀掠,几尽而去。明年,贼又攻永破邵,不犯此州边鄙而退。岂力能制敌欤?盖蒙其伤怜而已。诸使何为忍苦征敛?故作诗一篇以示官吏。
昔岁逢太平, 山林二十年。
泉源在庭户, 洞壑当门前。
井税有常期, 日晏犹得眠。
忽然遭世变, 数岁亲戎旃。
今来典斯郡, 山夷又纷然。
城小贼不屠, 人贫伤可怜。
是以陷邻境, 此州独见全。
使臣将王命, 岂不如贼焉?
今被征敛者, 迫之如火煎。
谁能绝人命, 以作时世贤?
思欲委符节, 引竿自刺船。
将家就鱼麦, 归老江湖边。
此诗和《舂陵行》都是作者反映社会现实,同情人民疾苦的代表作,而在斥责统治者对苦难人民的横征暴敛上,此诗词意更为深沉,感情更为愤激。
诗前的序交待了作诗的原委。癸卯岁,即唐代宗广德元年(763),十二月,广西境内的少数民族“西原蛮”发动了反对唐王朝的武装起义,曾攻占道州(州治在今湖南道县)达一月余。第二年五月,元结任道州刺史,七月“西原蛮”又攻破了邻近的永州(州治在今湖南零陵)和邵州(州治在今湖南邵阳),却没有再攻道州。诗人认为,这并不是官府“力能制敌”,而是出于“西原蛮”对战乱中道州人民的“伤怜”,相反,朝廷派到地方上的租庸使却不能体恤人民,在道州百姓“朝餐是草根,暮食乃木皮”(《舂陵行》)的情况下,仍旧残酷征敛,有感于此,作者写下了这首诗。元结把起义的少数民族称之为“贼”,固然表现了他的偏见,但在诗中,他把“诸使”和“贼”对比起来写,通过对“贼”的有所肯定,来衬托官吏的残暴,这对本身也是个“官吏”的作者来说,是非常难能可贵的。
全诗共分四段。第一段由“昔年”句至“日晏”句,先写“昔”。头两句是对“昔”的总的概括,交代他在作官以前长期的隐居生活,正逢“太平”盛世。三、四句写山林的隐逸之乐,为后文写官场的黑暗和准备归老林下作铺垫。这一段的核心是“井税有常期”句,所谓“井税”,原意是按照古代井田制收取的赋税,这里借指唐代按户口征取定额赋税的租庸调法;“有常期”,是说有一定的限度。显然作者把人民没有额外负担看作是年岁太平的主要标志,是“日晏犹得眠”即人民能安居乐业的重要原因,对此进行了热情歌颂,便为后面揭露“今”时统治者肆意勒索人民设下了伏笔。
第二段从“忽然”句到“此州”句,写“今”,写“贼”。前四句先简单叙述自己从出山到遭遇变乱的经过:安史之乱以来,元结亲自参加了征讨乱军的战斗,后来又任道州刺史,正碰上“西原蛮”发生变乱。由此引出后四句,强调城小没有被屠,道州独能促使的原因是:“人贫伤可怜”,也即“贼”对道州人民苦难的同情,这是对“贼”的褒扬。此诗题为“示官吏”,作诗的主要目的是揭露官吏,告戒官吏,所以写“贼”是为了写“官”,下文才是全诗的中心。
第三段从“使臣”句至“以作”句,写“今”,写“官”。一开始用反问句把“官”和“贼”对照起来写:“使臣将王命,岂不如贼焉?”奉了皇帝之命来催征赋税的租庸使,难道还不如“贼”吗?这是抨击官吏,不顾丧乱地区人民死活依然横征暴敛的愤激之词,是元结关心人民疾苦的点睛之笔。而下两句指陈事实的直接描写:“今彼征敛者,迫之如火煎”,更活画出一幅虎狼官吏陷民于水火的真实情景。和前面“井税”两句相照应,与“昔”形成鲜明对比,对征敛官吏的揭露更加深刻有力。接下来的两句:“谁能绝人命,以作时世贤?”意为怎能断绝人民的生路,去做一个当时统治者所认为的贤能官吏呢?以反问的语气作出了断然否定的回答,揭示了“时世贤”的残民本质。“绝人命”和“伤可怜”相照应,“时世贤”与“贼”作对比,这里对“时世贤”的讽刺鞭挞之意十分强烈。更为可贵的是诗人在此公开表明自己不愿“绝人命”,也不愿作“时世贤”的决绝态度,并以此作为对其他官吏的一种告戒。
第四段由“思欲”句至“归老”句,向官吏们坦露自己的心志。作者是个官吏,他是不能违“王命”的,可是作“征敛者”吧,他又不愿“绝人命”,如何对待这一矛盾的处境呢?诗人的回答是:宁愿弃官,归隐江湖,也绝不去做那种残民邀功、取媚于上的所谓贤臣。这是对统治者征敛无期的抗议,从中我们可以清楚地触摸到作者那颗关心民瘼的炽热之心。
元结在政治上是一位具有仁政爱民理想的清正官吏;在文学上反对“拘限声病,喜尚形似”(《箧中集序》)的浮艳诗风,主张发挥文学“救时劝俗”(《文编序》)的社会作用。这首诗不论叙事抒情,都指陈事实,直抒胸臆,没有一点雕琢矫饰的痕迹,而诗中那种忧时爱民的深挚感情,如从胸中自然倾泄,自有一种感人之处,亦自能在质朴之中成其浑厚,显示出元结诗质朴简古、平直切正的典型特色。沈德潜说:“次山诗自写胸次,不欲规模古人,而奇响逸趣,在唐人中另辟门径。”(《唐诗别裁》)这样的评论是恰如其分的。
(吴小林



有才子曰:诗词赏析大全:元结《贼退示官吏并序》

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  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  142. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000364s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000512s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000312s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000368s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000372s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000268s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000320s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000266s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000255s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000253s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000243s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000328s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000215s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000483s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11813 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000300s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000335s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000241s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 96 WHERE `id` = 11813 [ RunTime:0.001589s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000250s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000266s ]
0.074126s