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岑参《轮台歌奉送封大夫出师西征》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:241
  轮台歌奉送封大夫出师西征
岑参
轮台城头夜吹角, 轮台城北旄头落。
羽书昨夜过渠黎, 单于已在金山西。
戍楼西望烟尘黑, 汉兵屯在轮台北。
上将拥旄西出征, 平明吹笛大军行。
四边伐鼓雪海涌, 三军大呼阴山动。
虏塞兵气连云屯, 战场白骨缠草根。
剑河风急雪片阔, 沙口石冻马蹄脱。
亚相勤王甘苦辛, 誓将报主静边尘。
古来青史谁不见, 今见功名胜古人。
这首七古与《走马川行》系同一时期、为同一事、赠同一人之作。但《走马川行》未写战斗,而是通过将士顶风冒雪的夜行军情景烘托必胜之势;此诗则直写战阵之事,具体手法与前诗也有所不同。此诗可分四层。
起首六句写战斗以前两军对垒的紧张状态。虽是制造气氛,却与《走马川行》从自然环境落笔不同。那里是飞沙走石,暗示将有一场激战;而这里却直接从战阵入手:军府驻地的城头,角声划破夜空,呈现出一种异样的沉寂,暗示部队已进入紧张的备战状态。据《史记·天官书》:“昴为髦头(旄头),胡星也”,古人认为旄头跳跃主胡兵大起,而“旄头落”则主胡兵覆灭。“轮台城头夜吹角,轮台城北旄头落”,连用“轮台城”三字开头,造成连贯的语势,烘托出围绕此城的战时气氛。把“夜吹角”与“旄头落”两种现象联系起来,既能表达一种敌忾的意味,又象征唐军之必胜。气氛酝足,然后倒插一笔:“羽书昨夜过渠黎(在今新疆轮台县东南),单于已在金山(阿尔泰山)西”,交待出局势紧张的原因在于胡兵入寇。果因倒置的手法,使开篇奇突警湛。“单于已在金山西”与“汉兵屯在轮台北”,以相同句式,两个“在”字,写出两军对垒之势。敌对双方如此逼近,以至“戍楼西望烟尘黑”,写出一种濒临激战的静默。局势之紧张,大有一触即发之势。
紧接四句写白昼出师与接仗。手法上与《走马川行》写夜行军大不一样,那里是衔枚急走,不闻人声,极力描写自然;而这里极力渲染吹笛伐鼓,是堂堂之阵,正正之旗,突出军队的声威。开篇是那样奇突,而写出师是如此从容、镇定,一张一弛,气势益显。作者写自然好写大风大雪、极寒酷热,而这里写军事也是同一作风,将是拥旄(节旄,军权之象征)之“上将”,三军则写作“大军”,士卒呐喊是“大呼”。总之,“其所表现的人物事实都是最伟大、最雄壮的、最愉快的,好象一百二十面鼓,七十面金钲合奏的鼓吹曲一样,十分震动人的耳鼓。和那丝竹一般细碎而悲哀的诗人正相反对。”(徐嘉瑞《岑参》)于是军队的声威超于自然之上,仿佛冰冻的雪海亦为之汹涌,巍巍阴山亦为之摇撼,这出神入化之笔表现出一种所向无敌的气概。
“三军大呼阴山动”,似乎胡兵亦将败如山倒。殊不知下面四句中,作者拗折一笔,战斗并非势如破竹,而斗争异常艰苦。“虏塞兵气连云屯”,极言对方军队集结之多。诗人借对方兵力强大以突出己方兵力的更为强大,这种以强衬强的手法极妙。“战场白骨缠草根”,借战场气氛之惨淡暗示战斗必有重大伤亡。以下两句又极写气候之奇寒。“剑河”、“沙口”这些地名有泛指意味,地名本身亦似带杀气;写风曰“急”,写雪片曰“阔”,均突出了边地气候之特征;而“石冻马蹄脱” 一语尤奇:石头本硬,“石冻”则更硬,竟能使马蹄脱落,则战争之艰苦就不言而喻了。作者写奇寒与牺牲,似是渲染战争之恐怖,但这并不是他的最终目的。作为一个意志坚忍、喜好宏伟壮烈事物的诗人,如此淋漓兴会地写战场的严寒与危苦,是在直面正视和欣赏一种悲壮画面,他这样写,正是歌颂将士之奋不顾身。他越是写危险与痛苦,便“越发得意,好象吃辣子的人,越辣的眼泪出,更越发快活。”(徐嘉瑞《岑参》)下一层中说到“甘苦辛”,亦应有他自身体验在内。
末四句照应题目,预祝奏凯,以颂扬作结。封常清于天宝十三载以节度使摄御史大夫,御史大夫在汉时位次宰相,故诗中美称为“亚相”。“誓将报主静边尘”,虽只写“誓”,但通过前面两层对战争的正面叙写与侧面烘托,已经有力地暗示出此战必胜的结局。末二句预祝之词,说“谁不见”,意味着古人之功名书在简策,万口流传,早觉不新鲜了,数风流人物,则当看今朝。“今见功名胜古人”,朴质无华而掷地有声,遥应篇首而足以振起全篇。上一层写战斗艰苦而此处写战胜之荣耀,一抑一扬,跌宕生姿。前此皆两句转韵,节奏较促,此四句却一韵流转而下,恰有奏捷的轻松愉快之感。在别的诗人看来,一面是“战场白骨缠草根”而一面是 “今见功名胜古人”,不免生出“一将功成万骨枯”一类感慨,盖其同情在于弱者一面。而作为盛唐时代浪漫诗风的重要代表作家的岑参,无疑更喜欢强者,喜欢塑造“超人”的形象。读者从“古来青史谁不见,今见功名胜古人”所感到的,不正如此么?
全诗四层写来一张一弛,顿挫抑扬,结构紧凑,音情配合极好。有正面描写,有侧面烘托,又运用象征、想象和夸张等手法,特别是渲染大军声威,造成极宏伟壮阔的画面,使全诗充满浪漫主义激情和边塞生活的气息,成功地表现了三军将士建功报国的英勇气概。就此而言,又与《走马川行》并无二致。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:岑参《轮台歌奉送封大夫出师西征》

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  134. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/driver/File.php ( 5.96 KB )
  135. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/LogHandlerInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  136. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/Channel.php ( 3.89 KB )
  137. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/event/LogRecord.php ( 1.02 KB )
  138. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/Collection.php ( 16.47 KB )
  139. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Response.php ( 8.81 KB )
  140. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  142. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
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  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000376s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000513s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000317s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000370s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000329s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000278s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000303s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000275s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000256s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000250s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000245s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000326s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000212s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000417s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11831 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000297s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000353s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000238s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 242 WHERE `id` = 11831 [ RunTime:0.001602s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000236s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000249s ]
0.073940s