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杜甫《登楼》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:241
  登 楼
杜甫
花近高楼伤客心, 万方多难此登临。
锦江春色来天地, 玉垒浮云变古今。
北极朝廷终不改, 西山寇盗莫相侵。
可怜后主还祠庙, 日暮聊为梁甫吟。
这首诗写于成都,时在代宗广德二年(764)春,诗人客蜀已是第五个年头。上年正月,官军收复河南河北,安史之乱平定;十月便有吐蕃陷长安、立傀儡、改年号,代宗奔陕州事;随后郭子仪复京师,乘舆反正;年底吐蕃又破松、维、保等州(在今四川北部),继而再陷剑南、西山诸州。诗中“西山寇盗”即指吐蕃;“万方多难”也以吐蕃入侵为最烈,同时,也指宦官专权、藩镇割据、朝廷内外交困、灾患重重的日益衰败景象。
首联提挈全篇,“万方多难”,是全诗写景抒情的出发点。当此万方多难之际,流离他乡的诗人愁思满腹,登上此楼,虽是繁花触目,却叫人更加黯然心伤。花伤客心,以乐景写哀情,和“感时花溅泪”(《春望》)一样,同是反衬手法。在行文上,先写见花伤心的反常现象,再说是由于万方多难的缘故,因果倒装,起势突兀;“登临”二字,则以高屋建瓴之势,领起下面的种种观感。
颔联描述山河壮观,“锦江”、“玉垒”是登楼所见。锦江,源出灌县,自郫县流经成都入岷江;玉垒,山名,在今茂汶羌族自治县。凭楼远望,锦江流水挟着蓬勃的春色从天地的边际汹涌而来,玉垒山上的浮云飘忽起灭正象古今世势的风云变幻。上句向空间开拓视野,下句就时间驰骋遐思,天高地迥,古往今来,形成一个阔大悠远、囊括宇宙的境界,饱含着对祖国山河的赞美和对民族历史的追怀;而且,登高临远,视通八方,独向西北前线游目骋怀,也透露诗人忧国忧民的无限心事。
颈联议论天下大势,“朝廷”、“寇盗”,是登楼所想。北极,星名,居北天正中,这里象征大唐政权。上句“终不改”,反承第四句的“变古今”,是从去岁吐蕃陷京、代宗旋即复辟一事而来,明言大唐帝国气运久远;下句“寇盗”“相侵”,申说第二句的“万方多难”,针对吐蕃的觊觎寄语相告:莫再徒劳无益地前来侵扰!词严义正,浩气凛然,于如焚的焦虑之中透着坚定的信念。
尾联咏怀古迹,讽喻当朝昏君,寄托个人怀抱。后主,指蜀汉刘禅,宠信宦官,终于亡国;先主庙在成都锦官门外,西有武侯祠,东有后主祠;《梁甫吟》是诸葛亮遇刘备前喜欢诵读的乐府诗篇,用来比喻这首《登楼》,含有对诸葛武侯的仰慕之意。伫立楼头,徘徊沉吟,忽忽日已西落,在苍茫的暮色中,城南先主庙、后主祠依稀可见。想到后主刘禅,诗人不禁喟然而叹:可怜那亡国昏君,竟也配和诸葛武侯一样,专居祠庙,歆享后人香火!这是以刘禅喻代宗李豫。李豫重用宦官程元振、鱼朝恩,造成国事维艰、吐蕃入侵的局面,同刘禅信任黄皓而亡国极其相似。所不同者,当今只有刘后主那样的昏君,却没有诸葛亮那样的贤相!而诗人自己,空怀济世之心,苦无献身之路,万里他乡,危楼落日,忧端难掇,聊吟诗以自遣,如斯而已!
全诗即景抒怀,写山川联系着古往今来社会的变化,谈人事又借助自然界的景物,互相渗透,互相包容;熔自然景象、国家灾难、个人情思为一体,语壮境阔,寄慨遥深,体现着诗人沉郁顿挫的艺术风格。
这首七律,格律严谨。中间两联,对仗工稳,颈联为流水对,读来有一种飞动流走的快感。在语言上,特别工于各句(末句例外)第五字的锤炼。首句的“伤”,为全诗点染一种悲怆气氛,而且突如其来,造成强烈的悬念。次句的“此”,兼有此时、此地、此人、此行等多重含义,也包含着只能如此而已的感慨。三句的 “来”,烘托锦江春色逐人、气势浩大,令人有荡胸扑面的感受。四句的“变”,浮云如白云变苍狗,世事如沧海变桑田,一字双关,引人作联翩无穷的想象。五句的“终”,是终于,是始终,也是终久;有庆幸,有祝愿,也有信心,从而使六句的“莫”字充满令寇盗闻而却步的威力。七句的“还”,是不当如此而居然如此的语气,表示对古今误国昏君的极大轻蔑。只有末句,炼字的重点放在第三字上,“聊”是不甘如此却只能如此的意思,抒写诗人无可奈何的伤感,与第二句的“此”字遥相呼应。
更值得注意的,是首句的“近”字和末句的“暮”字,这两个字在诗的构思方面起着突出的作用。全诗写登楼观感,俯仰瞻眺,山川古迹,都是从空间着眼;“日暮”,点明诗人徜徉时间已久。这样就兼顾了空间和时间,增强了意境的立体感。单就空间而论,无论西北的锦江、玉垒,或者城南的后主祠庙,都是远处的景物;开端的“花近高楼”却近在咫尺之间。远景近景互相配合,便使诗的境界阔大雄浑而无豁落空洞的遗憾。
历代诗家对于此诗评价极高。清人浦起龙评谓:“声宏势阔,自然杰作。”(《读杜心解》卷四)沈德潜更为推崇说:“气象雄伟,笼盖宇宙,此杜诗之最上者。”(《唐诗别裁》卷十三)
(赵庆培)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:杜甫《登楼》赏析

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  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  142. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.007748s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.002581s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000951s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000793s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001201s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.001201s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000514s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000418s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000497s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000320s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000317s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000323s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000437s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000238s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000588s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11866 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000375s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000503s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000318s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 242 WHERE `id` = 11866 [ RunTime:0.001627s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000268s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000338s ]
0.134068s