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杜甫《送路六侍御入朝》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:248
  送路六侍御入朝
杜甫
童稚情亲四十年, 中间消息两茫然。
更为后会知何地? 忽漫相逢是别筵!
不分桃花红似锦, 生憎柳絮白于棉。
剑南春色还无赖, 触忤愁人到酒边。
这诗作于唐代宗广德元年(763)春。前一年,杜甫因徐知道在成都叛变,避乱流寓梓州(治所在今四川三台)。这年正月,唐军收复幽燕,史朝义自缢身死。延续八年之久的安史之乱虽然告一段落,但是已经激化了的各类社会矛盾并没有得到解决,动乱不宁的时局并未因此而真正平息。曾经因胜利而一度在杜甫心底燃起的欢快的火花,“青春作伴好还乡” (《闻官军收河南河北》)的畅想,很快就破灭了。当时,杜甫有一些朋友由梓州回长安,他作诗送行,说道:“飘零为客久,衰老羡君还。”(《涪江泛舟送韦班归京》)“帝乡愁绪外,春色泪痕边。”(《泛舟送魏十八仓曹还京因寄岑中允参、范郎中季明》)自伤留滞,情见乎词。这诗也是借聚散离合之情,写迟暮飘零的身世之感的。
关于路六侍御的生平,详不可考,从诗的开头一句看,知是杜甫儿时旧友。作此诗时,杜甫五十一岁,四十年前,他们都在十岁左右,正是竹马童年。诗人用“童稚情亲四十年”完满地表现出童年伙伴那种特有的亲切的感情。“四十年”,在这里不仅点明分别的时间,更主要的是表明童年时代的友情,并不随着四十年漫长岁月的迁流而归于淡忘。正因为如此,下句说,“中间消息两茫然”。在兵戈满地,流离转徙的动乱年代里,朋友间失去联系,想知道他的消息而又无从问讯,故有 “茫然”之感。而这种心情,彼此间是相同的,故曰“两茫然”。一别四十年,时间是这样的久,哪还能想到现在的重新会合?所以说“忽漫相逢”。他乡遇故知,本来是值得高兴的事;然而同样没有想到,久别重逢,乍逢又别;当故交叙旧之日,即离筵饯别之时。“忽漫相逢是别筵”。在“相逢”和“别筵”之间着一 “是””字,使会合的欢娱,立即转化为别离的愁思。笔力千钧,直透纸背。
从过去到现在,聚散离合是这样的迷离莫测;从现在悬想将来,又将如何呢?诗人把感慨集中地写在“更为后会知何地”这句话里。这是全诗的主脑。它包涵有下列两重意思:
路六侍御这次离开梓州,回到长安去做官,显然会勾起了杜甫满腹心事。他设想倘若今后和路再度会见,这地点又将在哪里?自己能不能够也被召还朝?回答是不可知的。从自身蹭蹬坎坷的生活历程,从这次和路的聚散离合,他懂得了乱世人生,有如飘蓬泛梗,一切都无从说起。这是就空间而言的。从时间方面来说,过去的分别,一别就是四十年;别时彼此都在童年,如今俱入老境。人生几何?“更为后会”,实际上是不大可能的。诗人没有直说后会无期,而是造作诘问语,以咏叹出之,以见向往之切、感慨之深。
前四句写送别之情,由过去到现在,再由现在想到未来,它本身有个时间的层次。这里值得注意的是:诗从“童稚情亲”依次写来,写到四十年来,“中间消息两茫然”,不接着写现在的相逢和送别,而突然插入“更为后会知何地”。乍读时,恍如天外奇峰,劈空飞来,有点摸不着头脑。但仔细体味,则“更为后会”,就已逆摄了下文的“忽漫相逢”。因为没有现在的“忽漫相逢”,是不可能想到将来的“更为后会”的。这句对上句来说,是突接。由于这样的突接,故能掀起波澜,把感伤离乱的情怀,表现得沉郁苍凉,百端交集。就下文来说,这是在一联之内的逆挽,也就是颠倒其次序,用上句带动下句。由于这样的逆挽,故能化板滞为飞动,使得全诗神完气足,精彩四溢。如果没有诗人思想情感上的深度和广度以及他在诗歌艺术上湛深的造诣,也是不可能达到这种境界的。
诗的后四句写景,另起了一个头,颈联和颔联似乎了不相涉。其实,这景物描写,全是从上文的“别筵”生发出来的。尾联结句“触忤愁人到酒边”的“酒”,正是“别筵”饯别之酒;“酒边”的“剑南春色”,亦即“别筵”的眼前风光。“桃红似锦”,“絮白于棉”,这风光是明艳的,而诗偏说是“不分”,“生憎”,恼怒春色“无赖”,是因为它“触忤”了“愁人”;而它之所以“触忤愁人”,则是由于后会无期,离怀难遣,对景伤情的缘故。读了尾联,回过头来一看,则这“不分”和“生憎”,恰恰成为绾合上半篇和下半篇的纽带,把情景融为不可分割的完美的诗的整体。全诗句句提得起,处处打得通,一气运转,跌宕昭彰;而其语言措注,脉落贯输,则又丝丝入扣,于宏大中见精细。律诗写到这样,可说是工而能化,优入圣域了。
(马茂元)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:杜甫《送路六侍御入朝》

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  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000343s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000524s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000338s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000360s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000250s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000354s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000253s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000303s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000263s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000277s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000292s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000261s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000340s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000215s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000421s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11870 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000300s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000365s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000243s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 249 WHERE `id` = 11870 [ RunTime:0.001637s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000249s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000257s ]
0.074806s