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杜甫《江畔独步寻花七绝句(其六)》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:248
  江畔独步寻花七绝句(其六)
杜甫
黄四娘家花满蹊, 千朵万朵压枝低。
留连戏蝶时时舞, 自在娇莺恰恰啼。
上元元年(760)杜甫卜居成都西郭草堂,在饱经离乱之后,开始有了安身的处所,诗人为此感到欣慰。春暖花开的时节,他独自沿江畔散步,情随景生,一连成诗七首。此为组诗之六。
首句点明寻花的地点,是在“黄四娘家”的小路上。此句以人名入诗,生活情趣较浓,颇有民歌味。次句“千朵万朵”,是上句“满”字的具体化。“压枝低”,描绘繁花沉甸甸地把枝条都压弯了,景色宛如历历在目。“压”、“低”二字用得十分准确、生动。第三句写花枝上彩蝶蹁跹,因恋花而“留连”不去,暗示出花的芬芳鲜妍。花可爱,蝶的舞姿亦可爱,不免使漫步的人也“留连”起来。但他也许并未停步,而是继续前行,因为风光无限,美景尚多。“时时”,则不是偶尔一见,有这二字,就把春意闹的情趣渲染出来。正在赏心悦目之际,恰巧传来一串黄莺动听的歌声,将沉醉花丛的诗人唤醒。这就是末句的意境。“娇”字写出莺声轻软的特点。“自在”不仅是娇莺姿态的客观写照,也传出它给人心理上的愉快轻松的感觉。诗在莺歌“恰恰”声中结束,饶有余韵。读这首绝句,仿佛自己也走在千年前成都郊外那条通往“黄四娘家”的路上,和诗人一同享受那春光给予视听的无穷美感。
此诗写的是赏景,这类题材,盛唐绝句中屡见不鲜。但象此诗这样刻画十分细微,色彩异常秾丽的,则不多见。如“故人家在桃花岸,直到门前溪水流”(常建《三日寻李九庄》),“昨夜风开露井桃,未央前殿月轮高”,这些景都显得“清丽”;而杜甫在“花满蹊”后,再加“千朵万朵”,更添蝶舞莺歌,景色就秾丽了。这种写法,可谓前无古人。
其次,盛唐人很讲究诗句声调的和谐。他们的绝句往往能被诸管弦,因而很讲协律。杜甫的绝句不为歌唱而作,纯属诵诗,因而常常出现拗句。如此诗“千朵万朵压枝低”句,按律第二字当平而用仄。但这种“拗”决不是对音律的任意破坏,“千朵万朵”的复叠,便具有一种口语美。而“千朵”的“朵”与上句相同位置的 “四”字,虽同属仄声,但彼此有上、去声之别,声调上仍具有变化。诗人也并非不重视诗歌的音乐美。这表现在三、四两句双声词、象声词与叠字的运用。“留连”、“自在”均为双声词,如贯珠相联,音调宛啭。“恰恰”为象声词,形容娇莺的叫声,给人一种身临其境的听觉形象。“时时”、“恰恰”为叠字,既使上下两句形成对仗,使语意更强,更生动,更能表达诗人迷恋在花、蝶之中,忽又被莺声唤醒的刹那间的快意。这两句除却“舞”、“莺”二字,均为舌齿音,这一连串舌齿音的运用造成一种喁喁自语的语感,维妙维肖地状出看花人为美景陶醉、惊喜不已的感受。声音的效用极有助于心情的表达。
在句法上,盛唐诗句多天然浑成,杜甫则与之异趣。比如“对结”(后联骈偶)乃初唐绝句格调,盛唐绝句已少见,因为这种结尾很难做到神完气足。杜甫却因难见巧,如此诗后联既对仗工稳,又饶有余韵,使人感到用得恰到好处:在赏心悦目之际,听到莺歌“恰恰”,不是更使人陶然神往么?此外,这两句按习惯文法应作:戏蝶留连时时舞,娇莺自在恰恰啼。把“留连”、“自在”提到句首,既是出于音韵上的需要,同时又在语意上强调了它们,使含义更易为人体味出来,句法也显得新颖多变。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:杜甫《江畔独步寻花七绝句(其六)》

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  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000310s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000532s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000244s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000657s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11875 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000361s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000501s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000313s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 249 WHERE `id` = 11875 [ RunTime:0.001681s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000281s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000340s ]
0.114012s