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杜甫《狂夫》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:249
 狂 夫
杜甫
万里桥西一草堂, 百花潭水即沧浪。
风含翠筿娟娟净, 雨裛红蕖冉冉香。
厚禄故人书断绝, 恒饥稚子色凄凉。
欲填沟壑唯疏放, 自笑狂夫老更狂。
这首七律作于杜甫客居成都时。诗题为“狂夫”,当以写人为主,诗却先从居住环境写来。
成都南门外有座小石桥,相传为诸葛亮送费祎处,名“万里桥”。过桥向东,就来到“百花潭”(即浣花溪),这一带地处水乡,景致幽美。当年杜甫就在这里营建草堂。饱经丧乱之后有了一个安身立命之地,他的心情舒展乃至旷放了。首联“即沧浪”三字,暗寓《孟子》“沧浪之水清兮,可以濯我缨”句意,逗起下文疏狂之意。“即”字表示出知足的意味,“岂其食鱼,必河之鲂”,有此清潭,又何必“沧浪”呢。“万里桥”与“百花潭”,“草堂”与“沧浪”,略相映带,似对非对,有形式天成之美;而一联之中涵四专名,由于它们展现极有次第,使读者目接一路风光,而境中又略有表意(“即沧浪”),便令人不觉痕迹。“万里”、百花”这类字面,使诗篇一开头就不落寒俭之态,为下文写“狂”预作铺垫。
这是一个斜风细雨天气,光景别饶情趣:翠竹轻摇,带着水光的枝枝叶叶明净悦目;细雨出落得荷花格外娇艳,而微风吹送,清香可闻。颔联结撰极为精心,写微风细雨全从境界见出。“含”“裛”两个动词运用极细腻生动。“含”比通常写微风的“拂”字感情色彩更浓,有小心爱护意味,则风之微不言而喻。“裛”通 “浥”,比洗、洒一类字更轻柔,有“润物细无声”的意味,则雨之细也不言而喻。两句分咏风雨,而第三句风中有雨,这从“净”字可以体味(雨后翠筿如洗,方 “净”);第四句雨中有风,这从“香”字可以会心(没有微风,是嗅不到细香的)。这也就是通常使诗句更为凝炼精警的“互文”之妙了。两句中各有三个形容词:翠、娟娟(美好貌)、净;红、冉冉(娇柔貌)、香,却安置妥贴,无堆砌之感;而“冉冉”、“娟娟”的叠词,又平添音韵之美。要之,此联意蕴丰富,形式精工,充分体现作者的“晚节渐于诗律细”。
前四句写草堂及浣花溪的美丽景色,令人陶然。然而与此并不那么和谐的是诗人现实的生活处境。初到成都时,他曾靠故人严武接济,分赠禄米,而一旦这故人音书断绝,他一家子免不了挨饿。“厚禄故人书断绝”即写此事,这就导致“恒饥稚子色凄凉”。“饥而日恒,亏及幼子,至形于颜色,则全家可知”(萧涤非《杜甫诗选》),这是举一反三、举重该轻的手法。颈联句法是“上二下五”,“厚禄”、“恒饥”前置句首显著地位,从声律要求说是为了粘对,从诗意看,则强调“恒饥”的贫困处境,使接下去“欲填沟壑”的夸张说法不至有失实之感。
“填沟壑”,即倒毙路旁无人收葬,意犹饿死。这是何等严酷的生活现实呢。要在凡夫俗子,早从精神上被摧垮了。然而杜甫却不如此,他是“欲填沟壑唯疏放”,饱经患难,从没有被生活的磨难压倒,始终用一种倔强的态度来对待生活打击,这就是所谓“疏放”。诗人的这种人生态度,不但没有随同岁月流逝而衰退,反而越来越增强了。你看,在几乎快饿死的境况下,他还兴致勃勃地在那里赞美“翠筿”、“红蕖”,美丽的自然风光哩!联系眼前的迷醉与现实的处境,诗人都不禁哑然“自笑”了:你是怎样一个越来越狂放的老头儿啊!(“自笑狂夫老更狂”)
在杜诗中,原不乏歌咏优美自然风光的佳作,也不乏抒写潦倒穷愁中开愁遣闷的名篇。而《狂夫》值得玩味之处,在于它将两种看似无法调合的情景成功地调合起来,形成一个完整的意境。一面是“风含翠筿”、“雨裛红蕖”的赏心悦目之景,一面是“凄凉”“恒饥”、“欲填沟壑”的可悲可叹之事,全都由“狂夫”这一形象而统一起来。没有前半部分优美景致的描写,不足以表现“狂夫”的贫困不能移的精神;没有后半部分潦倒生计的描述,“狂夫”就会失其所以为“狂夫”。两种成分,真是缺一不可。因而,这种处理在艺术上是服从内容需要的,是十分成功的。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:杜甫《狂夫》赏析

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  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000319s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000376s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000260s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000328s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000272s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000304s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000266s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000295s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000263s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000243s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000322s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000224s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000396s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11892 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000303s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000391s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000249s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 250 WHERE `id` = 11892 [ RunTime:0.001618s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000225s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000260s ]
0.074698s