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杜甫《蜀相》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:229
 蜀 相
杜甫
丞相祠堂何处寻, 锦官城外柏森森。
映阶碧草自春色, 隔叶黄鹂空好音。
三顾频烦天下计, 两朝开济老臣心。
出师未捷身先死, 长使英雄泪满襟。
题曰“蜀相”,而不曰“诸葛祠”,可知老杜此诗意在人而不在祠。然而诗又分明自祠写起。何也?盖人物千古,莫可亲承;庙貌数楹,临风结想。因武侯祠庙而思蜀相,亦理之必然。但在学诗者,虚实宾主之间,诗笔文情之妙,人则祠乎?祠岂人耶?看他如何着墨,于此玩索,宜有会心。
开头一句,以问引起。祠堂何处?锦官城外,数里之遥,远远望去,早见翠柏成林,好一片葱葱郁郁,气象不凡那就是诸葛武侯祠所在了。这首一联,开门见山,洒洒落落,而两句又一问一答,自开自合。
接下去,老杜便写到映阶草碧,隔叶禽鸣。
有人说:“那首联是起,此颔联是承,章法井然。”不错。又有人说:“从城外森森,到阶前碧色,迤迤逦逦,自远望而及近观,由寻途遂至入庙,笔路最清。”也不错。不过,倘若仅仅如此,谁个不能?老杜又在何处呢?
有人说:既然你说诗人意在人而不在祠,那他为何八句中为碧草黄鹂、映阶隔叶就费去了两句?此岂不是正写祠堂之景?可知意不在祠的说法不确。
又有人说:杜意在人在祠,无须多论,只是律诗幅短,最要精整,他在此题下,竟然设此二句,既无必要,也不精彩;至少是写“走”了,岂不是老杜的一处败笔?
我说:哪里,哪里。莫拿八股时文的眼光去衡量杜子美。要是句句“切题”,或是写成“不啻一篇孔明传”,谅他又有何难。如今他并不如彼。道理定然有在。
须看他,上句一个“自”字,下句一个“空”字。此二字适为拗格,即“自”本应平声,今故作仄;“空”本应仄声,今故作平。彼此互易,声调上的一种变换美。吾辈学诗之人,断不能于此等处失去心眼。
且说老杜风尘澒洞,流落西南,在锦城定居之后,大约头一件事就是走谒武侯祠庙。“丞相祠堂何处寻”?从写法说,是开门见山,更不纡曲;从心情说,祠堂何处,向往久矣!当日这位老诗人,怀着一腔崇仰钦慕之情,问路寻途,奔到了祠堂之地他既到之后,一不观赏殿宇巍巍,二不瞻仰塑像凛凛,他“首先”注意的却是阶前的碧草,叶外的黄鹂!这是什么情理?
要知道,老杜此行,不是“旅游”,入祠以后,殿宇之巍巍,塑像之凛凛,他和普通人一样,自然也是看过了的。不过到他写诗之时(不一定即是初谒祠堂的当时),他感情上要写的绝不是这些形迹的外观。他要写的是内心的感受。写景云云,已是活句死参;更何况他本未真写祠堂之景?
换言之,他正是看完了殿宇之巍巍,塑像之凛凛,使得他百感中来,万端交集,然后才越发觉察到满院萋萋碧草,寂寞之心难言;才越发感受到数声呖呖黄鹂,荒凉之境无限。
在这里,你才看到一位老诗人,独自一个,满怀心事,徘徊瞻眺于武侯祠庙之间。
没有这一联两句,诗人何往?诗心安在?只因有了这一联两句,才读得出下面的腹联所说的三顾频烦(即屡屡、几次,不是频频烦请),两朝开济(启沃匡助),一方面是知人善任,终始不渝;一方面是鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已;一方面付托之重,一方面图报之诚:这一切,老杜不知想过了几千百回,只是到面对着古庙荒庭,这才写出了诸葛亮的心境,字字千钧之重。莫说古人只讲一个“士为知己者死”,难道诗人所理解的天下之计,果真是指“刘氏子孙万世皇基”不成?老臣之心,岂不也怀着华夏河山,苍生水火?一生志业,六出祁山,五丈原头,秋风瑟瑟,大星遽陨,百姓失声……想到此间,那阶前林下徘徊的诗人老杜,不禁汍澜被面,老泪纵横了。
庭草自春,何关人事;新莺空啭,祗益伤情。老杜一片诗心,全在此处凝结,如何却说他是“败笔”?就是“过渡”云云(意思是说,杜诗此处颔联所以如此写,不过是为自然无迹地过渡到下一联正文),我看也还是只知正笔是文的错觉。
有人问:长使英雄泪满襟袖的英雄,所指何人?答曰:是指千古的仁人志士,为国为民,大智大勇者是,莫作“跃马横枪”“拿刀动斧”之类的简单解释。老杜一生,许身稷契,志在匡国,亦英雄之人也。说此句实包诗人自身而言,方得其实。
然而,老杜又绝不是单指个人。心念武侯,高山仰止,也正是寄希望于当世的良相之材。他之所怀者大,所感者深,以是之故,天下后世,凡读他此篇的,无不流涕,岂偶然哉!



有才子曰:诗词赏析:杜甫《蜀相》赏析

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  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000391s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000533s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000302s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000365s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000248s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000356s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000303s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000268s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000258s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000253s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000339s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000208s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000415s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11896 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000314s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000425s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000244s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 230 WHERE `id` = 11896 [ RunTime:0.001665s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000239s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
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