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杜甫《赠卫八处士》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:259
  赠卫八处士
杜甫
人生不相见, 动如参与商。
今夕复何夕, 共此灯烛光。
少壮能几时? 鬓发各已苍!
访旧半为鬼, 惊呼热中肠。
焉知二十载, 重上君子堂。
昔别君未婚, 儿女忽成行。
怡然敬父执, 问我来何方。
问答乃未已, 驱儿罗酒浆。
夜雨剪春韭, 新炊间黄粱。
主称会面难, 一举累十觞。
十觞亦不醉, 感子故意长。
明日隔山岳, 世事两茫茫。
这首诗是肃宗乾元二年(759)春天,杜甫自洛阳返回华州途中所作。卫八处士,名字和生平事迹已不可考。处士,指隐居不仕的人。
开头四句说,人生动辄如参、商二星,此出彼没,不得相见;今夕又是何夕,咱们一同在这灯烛光下叙谈。这几句从离别说到聚首,亦悲亦喜,悲喜交集,把强烈的人生感慨带入了诗篇。诗人与卫八重逢时,安史之乱已延续了三年多,虽然两京已经收复,但叛军仍很猖獗,局势动荡不安。诗人的慨叹,正暗隐着对这个乱离时代的感受。
久别重逢,彼此容颜的变化,自然最容易引起注意。别离时两人都还年轻,而今俱已鬓发斑白了。“少壮能几时,鬓发各已苍”两句,由“能几时”引出,对于世事、人生的迅速变化,表现出一片惋惜、惊悸的心情。接着互相询问亲朋故旧的下落,竟有一半已不在人间了,彼此都不禁失声惊呼,心里火辣辣地难受。按说,杜甫这一年才四十八岁,何以亲故已经死亡半数呢?如果说开头的“人生不相见”已经隐隐透露了一点时代气氛,那么这种亲故半数死亡,则更强烈地暗示着一场大的干戈乱离。“焉知”二句承接上文“今夕复何夕,共此灯烛光”,诗人故意用反问句式,含有意想不到彼此竟能活到今天的心情。其中既不无幸存的欣慰,又带着深深的痛伤。
前十句主要是抒情。接下去,则转为叙事,而无处不关人世感慨。随着二十年岁月的过去,此番重来,眼前出现了儿女成行的景象。这里面当然有倏忽之间迟暮已至的喟叹。“怡然”以下四句,写出卫八的儿女彬彬有礼、亲切可爱的情态。诗人款款写来,毫端始终流露出一种真挚感人的情意。这里“问我来何方”一句后,本可以写些路途颠簸的情景,然而诗人只用“问答乃未已”一笔轻轻带过,可见其裁剪净炼之妙。接着又写处士的热情款待:菜是冒着夜雨剪来的春韭,饭是新煮的掺有黄米的香喷喷的二米饭。这自然是随其所有而具办的家常饭菜,体现出老朋友间不拘形迹的淳朴友情。“主称”以下四句,叙主客畅饮的情形。故人重逢话旧,不是细斟慢酌,而是一连就进了十大杯酒,这是主人内心不平静的表现。主人尚且如此,杜甫心情的激动,当然更不待言。“感子故意长”,概括地点出了今昔感受,总束上文。这样,对“今夕”的眷恋,自然要引起对明日离别的慨叹。末二句回应开头的“人生不相见,动如参与商”,暗示着明日之别,悲于昔日之别:昔日之别,今幸复会;明日之别,后会何年?低回深婉,耐人玩味。
诗人是在动乱的年代、动荡的旅途中,寻访故人的;是在长别二十年,经历了沧桑巨变的情况下与老朋友见面的,这就使短暂的一夕相会,特别不寻常。于是,那眼前灯光所照,就成了乱离环境中幸存的美好的一角;那一夜时光,就成了烽火乱世中带着和平宁静气氛的仅有的一瞬;而荡漾于其中的人情之美,相对于纷纷扰扰的杀伐争夺,更显出光彩。“今夕复何夕,共此灯烛光”,被战乱推得遥远的、恍如隔世的和平生活,似乎一下子又来到眼前。可以想象,那烛光融融、散发着黄粱与春韭香味、与故人相伴话旧的一夜,对于饱经离乱的诗人,是多么值得眷恋和珍重啊。诗人对这一夕情事的描写,正是流露出对生活美和人情美的珍视,它使读者感到结束这种战乱,是多么符合人们的感情与愿望。
这首诗平易真切,层次井然。诗人只是随其所感,顺手写来,便有一种浓厚的气氛。它与杜甫以沉郁顿挫为显著特征的大多数古体诗有别,而更近于浑朴的汉魏古诗和陶渊明的创作;但它的感情内涵毕竟比汉魏古诗丰富复杂,有杜诗所独具的感情波澜,如层漪迭浪,展开于作品内部。清代张上若说它“情景逼真,兼极顿挫之妙”(杨伦《杜诗镜铨》引),正是深一层地看到了内在的沉郁顿挫。诗写朋友相会,却由“人生不相见”的慨叹发端,因而转入“今夕复何夕,共此灯烛光”时,便格外见出内心的激动。但下面并不因为相会便抒写喜悦之情,而是接以“少壮能几时”至“惊呼热中肠”四句,感情又趋向沉郁。诗的中间部分,酒宴的款待,冲淡了世事茫茫的凄惋,带给诗人幸福的微醺,但劝酒的语辞却是“主称会面难”,又带来离乱的感慨。诗以“人生不相见”开篇,以“世事两茫茫”结尾,前后一片苍茫,把一夕的温馨之感,置于苍凉的感情基调上。这些,正是诗的内在沉郁的表现。如果把这首诗和孟浩然的《过故人庄》对照,就可以发现,二者同样表现故人淳朴而深厚的友情,但由于不同的时代气氛,诗人的感受和文字风格都很不相同,孟浩然心情平静而愉悦,连文字风格都是淡淡的。而杜甫则是悲喜交集,内心蕴积着深深的感情波澜,因之,反映在文字上尽管自然浑朴,而仍极顿挫之致。
(余恕诚)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:杜甫《赠卫八处士》

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  140. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  141. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  142. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  143. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  144. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  145. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  146. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/runtime/index/temp/a32b58c6886ab785ddfef4e22cc56e84.php ( 42.64 KB )
  147. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  148. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-multi-app/src/Url.php ( 7.52 KB )
  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000400s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000536s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000322s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000354s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000267s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000347s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000286s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000300s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000271s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000256s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000252s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000244s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000332s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000219s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000392s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11910 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000298s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000365s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 260 WHERE `id` = 11910 [ RunTime:0.001827s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000247s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000253s ]
0.077246s