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杜甫《曲江对酒》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:243
  曲江对酒
杜甫
苑外江头坐不归, 水精宫殿转霏微。
桃花细逐杨花落, 黄鸟时兼白鸟飞。
纵饮久判人共弃, 懒朝真与世相违。
吏情更觉沧洲远, 老大徒伤未拂衣。
这首诗写于乾元元年(758)春,是杜甫最后留住长安时的作品。
一年以前,杜甫只身投奔肃宗李亨,受职左拾遗。因上疏为宰相房琯罢职一事鸣不平,激怒肃宗,遭到审讯。以后,虽仍任拾遗,但有名无实,不受重用。杜甫无所作为,空抱报国之心,不免满腹牢骚。这首《曲江对酒》便是诗人此种心境的反映。
曲江,即曲江池,故址在今西安市东南,因池水曲折而得名,是当时京都的第一胜地。
前两联是曲江即景。“苑外江头坐不归”,苑,指芙蓉苑,在曲江西南,是帝妃游幸之所。坐不归,表明诗人已在江头多时。这个“不”字很有讲究,如用“坐未归”,只反映客观现象,没有回去;“坐不归”,则突出了诗人的主观意愿,不想回去,可见心中的情绪。这就为三、四联的述怀作了垫笔。
以下三句,接写坐时所见。“水精宫殿转霏微”,水精宫殿,即苑中宫殿。霏微,迷蒙的样子。在“宫殿”、“霏微”间,又着一“转”字,突出了景物的变化。这似乎是承“坐不归”而来的:久坐不归,时已向晚,故而宫殿霏微。但是,我们从下面的描写中,却看不到日暮的景象,这就透露了诗人另有笔意。浦起龙《读杜心解》曾将诗人这一时期所写的《曲江二首》、《曲江对酒》、《曲江对雨》,跟作于安史之乱以前的《丽人行》作过比较,指出:“此处曲江诗,所言皆‘花’、 ‘鸟’、‘蜻’、‘蝶’。一及宫苑,则云‘巢翡翠’,‘转霏微’,‘云覆’,‘晚静’而已。视前此所咏‘云幕’,‘御厨’,觉盛衰在目,彼此一时。”这种看法是有道理的。“水精宫殿转霏微”所显示的,即是一种虚空寥落的情景,这个“转”字,则有时过境迁的意味。
与此适成对照的,是如期而至的自然界的春色:“桃花细逐杨花落,黄鸟时兼白鸟飞”。短短一联,形、神、声、色、香俱备。“细逐”、“时兼”四字,极写落花轻盈无声,飞鸟欢跃和鸣,生动而传神。两句衬托出诗人的此时的心绪:久坐江头,空闲无聊,因而才这样留意于花落鸟飞。“桃花细逐杨花落”一句,原作“桃花欲共杨花语”,后杜甫“自以淡笔改三字”,由拟人法改为描写法。何以有此改?就因为“桃花欲共杨花语”显得过于恬适而富有情趣,跟诗人当时仕途失意,懒散无聊的心情不相吻合。
这一联用“自对格”,两句不仅上下对仗,而且本句的某些字词也相对。此处“桃”对“杨”,“黄”对“白”。鸟分黄白,这是明点,桃杨之色则是暗点:桃花红而杨花白。这般色彩又随着花之“细逐”和鸟之“兼飞”而呈现出上下飘舞的动人景象,把一派春色渲染得异常绚丽。
风景虽好,却是暮春落花时节。落英缤纷,固然赏心悦目,但也很容易勾起伤春之情,于是三、四联对酒述怀,转写心中的牢骚和愁绪。
先写牢骚:“纵饮久判人共弃,懒朝真与世相违。”判,读潘,“割舍之辞;亦甘愿之辞”(张相《诗词曲语辞汇释》)。这两句的意思是:我整日纵酒,早就甘愿被人嫌弃;我懒于朝参,的确有违世情。这显然是牢骚话,实际是说:既然人家嫌弃我,不如借酒自遣;既然我不被世用,何苦恭勤朝参?正话反说,更显其牢愁之盛,又妙在含蓄委婉。这里所说的“人”和“世”,不光指朝廷碌碌之辈,牢骚已经发到了肃宗李亨的头上。诗人素以“忠君”为怀,但失望过甚时,也禁不住口出微辞。以此二句,足见诗人的愤懑不平之气。
最后抒发愁绪:“吏情更觉沧洲远,老大徒伤未拂衣”。沧洲,水边绿洲,古时常用来指隐士的居处。拂衣,指辞官。这一联是说:只因为微官缚身,不能解脱,故而虽老大伤悲,也无可奈何,终未拂衣而去。这里,以“沧洲远”、“未拂衣”,和上联的“纵饮”、“懒朝”形成对照,显示一种欲进既不能,欲退又不得的两难境地。杜甫虽然仕途失意,毕生坎坷,但“致君尧舜上,再使风俗淳”的政治抱负始终如一,直至逝世的前一年(769),他还勉励友人“致君尧舜付公等,早据要路思捐躯”(《暮秋枉裴道州手札率尔遣兴》),希望以国事为己任。可见诗人之所以纵饮懒朝,是因为抱负难展,理想落空;他把自己的失望和忧愤托于花鸟清樽,正反映出诗人报国无门的苦痛。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:杜甫《曲江对酒》赏析

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  149. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Url.php ( 14.07 KB )
  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000361s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000548s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000318s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000381s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000252s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000337s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000274s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000336s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000270s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000272s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000265s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000320s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000208s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000391s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11913 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000321s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000365s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 244 WHERE `id` = 11913 [ RunTime:0.001614s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000220s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000263s ]
0.074301s