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杜甫《春宿左省》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:226
春宿左省
杜甫
花隐掖垣暮, 啾啾栖鸟过。
星临万户动, 月傍九霄多。
不寝听金钥, 因风想玉珂。
明朝有封事, 数问夜如何?
至德二载(757)九月,唐军收复了被安史叛军所控制的京师长安;十月,肃宗自凤翔还京,杜甫于是从鄜州到京,仍任左拾遗。左拾遗掌供奉讽谏,大事廷诤,小事上封事。所谓“封事”,就是密封的奏疏。这首作于乾元元年(758)的五律,描写作者上封事前在门下省值夜时的心情,表现了他忠勤为国的思想。诗题中的“宿”,指值夜。“左省”,即左拾遗所属的门下省,和中书省同为掌机要的中央政府机构,因在殿庑之东,故称“左省”。
“花隐掖垣暮,啾啾栖鸟过。”起首两句描绘开始值夜时“左省”的景色。看来好似信手拈来,即景而写,实则章法谨严,很有讲究。首先它写了眼前景:在傍晚越来越暗下来的光线中,“左省”里开放的花朵隐约可见,天空中投林栖息的鸟儿飞鸣而过,描写自然真切,历历如绘。其次它还衬了诗中题:写花、写鸟是点 “春”;“花隐”的状态和“栖鸟”的鸣声是傍晚时的景致,是作者值宿开始时的所见所闻,和“宿”相关联;“掖垣”本意是“左掖”(即“左省”)的矮墙,这里指门下省,交待值夜的所在地,扣“左省”。两句可谓字字点题,一丝不漏,很能见出作者的匠心。“星临万户动,月傍九霄多。”此联由暮至夜,写夜中之景。前句说在夜空群星的照耀下,宫殿中的千门万户也似乎在闪动;后句说宫殿高入云霄,靠近月亮,仿佛照到的月光也特别多。这两句是写得很精彩的警句,对仗工整妥帖,描绘生动传神,不仅把星月映照下宫殿巍峨清丽的夜景活画出来了,并且寓含着帝居高远的颂圣味道,虚实结合,形神兼备,语意含蓄双关。其中“动”字和 “多”字用得极好,被前人称为“句眼”,此联因之境界全出。这两句既写景,又含情,在结构上是由写景到写情的过渡。
“不寝听金钥,因风想玉珂。”这联描写夜中值宿时的情况。金钥,即金锁。玉珂,即马铃。两句是说自己值夜时睡不着觉,仿佛听到了有人开宫门的锁钥声;风吹檐间铃铎,好象听到了百官骑马上朝的马铃响。这些都是想象之辞,深切地表现了诗人勤于国事,唯恐次晨耽误上朝的心情。在写法上不仅刻画心情很细致,而且构思新巧。此联本来是进一步贴诗题中的“宿”字,可是作者反用“不寝”两字,描写自己宿省时睡不着觉时的心理活动,另辟蹊径,独出机杼,显得词意深蕴,笔法空灵。“明朝有封事,数问夜如何?”最后两句交待“不寝”的原因,继续写诗人宿省时的心情:第二天早朝要上封事,心绪不宁,所以好几次讯问宵夜时辰几何?后句化用《诗经·小雅·庭燎》中的诗句:“夜如何其?夜未央。”用在这里非常贴切自然,而加了“数问”二字,则更加重了诗人寝卧不安的程度。全诗至此戛然而止,便觉有一种悠悠不尽的韵味。结尾二句由题后绕出,从宿省申发到次日早朝上封事,语句矫健有力,词意含蓄隽永,忠爱之情充溢于字里行间。
这首诗多少带有某些应制诗的色彩,写得平正妥贴,在杜甫五律中很有特色。全诗八句,前四句写宿省之景,后四句写宿省之情。自暮至夜,自夜至将晓,自将晓至明朝,叙述详明而富于变化,描写真切而生动传神,体现了杜甫律诗结构既严谨又灵动,诗意既明达又蕴藉的特点。
(吴小林)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:杜甫《春宿左省》

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  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000216s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000393s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11915 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000304s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000362s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000238s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 227 WHERE `id` = 11915 [ RunTime:0.001789s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000242s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000272s ]
0.074436s