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杜甫《题张氏隐居二首(其二)》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:246
  题张氏隐居二首(其二)
杜甫
之子时相见, 邀人晚兴留。
霁潭鳣发发, 春草鹿呦呦。
杜酒偏劳劝, 张梨不外求。
前村山路险, 归醉每无愁。
原作共两首,第一首是七律,殆初识张君时作,形容他的为人。这是第二首,大约跟张氏已很相熟了,所以开首便道“之子时相见”,《杜诗镜铨》以为“当是数至后再题”,《杜诗详注》以为“往来非一度矣”,皆是。
虽是一首应酬之作,却可以看出作者的人情味与风趣。这首诗直说与用典双管齐下。直说与用典是古诗常用的两种表现方法,如不能分辨,诗意便不明白。在这里却两两密合。假如当作直说看,那简直接近白话;假如当作用典看,那又大半都是些典故,所谓无一句无来历。但这是形迹,杜诗往往如此,不足为奇。它能够有风趣,方是真正的难得。
如“之子”翻成白话当说“这人”或“这位先生”,但“之子”却见《毛诗》。第三句,池中鲤鱼很多,游来游去;第四句鹿在那边吃草呦呦地叫;但“鳣(zhān毡)鲔发发(bō拨)”,“呦呦鹿鸣,食野之苹”,并见《毛诗》。用经典成语每苦迂腐板重,在这儿却一点也不觉得,故前人评:“三四驱遣六艺却极清秀。”而且鹿鸣原诗有宴乐嘉宾之意,所以这第四句虽写实景,已景中含情,承上启下了。
“杜酒”一联,几乎口语体,偏又用典故来贴切宾主的姓。杜康是创制秫酒的人。“张公大谷之梨”,见潘岳《闲居赋》。他说,酒本是我们杜家的,却偏偏劳您来劝我;梨本是你们张府上的,自然在园中边摘边吃,不必向外找哩。典故用得这般巧,显出主人的情重来,已是文章本天成,尤妙在说得这样轻灵自然。《杜诗镜铨》说:“巧对,蕴藉不觉。”慰藉不觉正是风趣的一种铨表。
诗还用透过一层的写法。文章必须密合当时的实感,这原是通例。但这个现实性却不可呆看,有些地方正以不必符合为佳。在这里即超过,超过便是不很符合。惟其不很符合,才能把情感表现得非常圆满,也就是进一步合乎现实了。这诗末联“前村山路险,归醉每无愁”。想那前村的山路很险,又喝醉了酒,跌跌蹱蹱地回去,仿佛盲人瞎马夜半深池的光景,那有不发愁之理;所以这诗末句实在该当作“归醉每应愁”的,但他偏不说“应愁”,颠倒说“无愁”。究竟“应愁”符合现实呢,还是“无愁”符合现实?我们该说“应愁”是实;我们更应该知道“无愁”虽非实感,却能进一步地表现这主题──主人情重,客人致谢,宾主极欢。
在这情景下,那么不管老杜他在那天晚上愁也不愁,反正必须说“无愁”的。所以另外本可以有一个比较自然合理的解释,喝醉了所以不知愁;但也早被前人给否决了。《杜诗集评》引李天生说:“末二句谓与张深契,故醉归忘山路之险,若云醉而不知,则浅矣。”李氏的话是很对的。杜甫正要借这该愁而不愁来表示他对主人的倾倒和感谢,若把自己先形容成了一个酒糊涂,那诗意全失,不仅杀风景而已。又这一句结出首联的意思来,“邀人晚兴留”是这诗里主要的句子。
(俞平伯)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:杜甫《题张氏隐居二首(其二)》

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  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000268s ]
0.074164s