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刘长卿《送严士元》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:241
  送严士元
刘长卿
春风倚棹阖闾城, 水国春寒阴复晴。
细雨湿衣看不见, 闲花落地听无声。
日斜江上孤帆影, 草绿湖南万里情。
君去若逢相识问, 青袍今已误儒生。
这首诗,运用一连串“景语”来叙述事件的进程和人物的行动,即写景是为了叙事抒情,其目的不在描山画水。然而,毕竟又是描写了风景,所以画面是生动的,辞藻是美丽的,诗意也显得十分浓厚。
严士元是吴(今江苏苏州)人,曾官员外郎。写这首诗的年代和写诗的背景,现无可稽查。从诗的内容看,两人是在苏州偶然重遇,而一晤之后,严士元又要到湖南去,所以刘长卿写诗赠别。
阖闾城就是江苏的苏州城。从“倚棹”(把船桨搁起来)二字,可以知道这两位朋友是在城江边偶然相遇,稍作停留。时值春初,南方水乡还未脱去寒意,天气乍阴乍晴,变幻不定。我们寻味开头两句,已经知道两位朋友正在岸上携手徘徊,在谈笑中也提到江南一带的天气了。
三四两句是有名的写景句子。有人说诗人观察入微,下笔精细。话是说得很对。可是我们从另一个角度去看,却似乎看见两人正在席地谈天。因为他们同时都接触到这些客观的景物:笑谈之际,飘来了一阵毛毛细雨,雨细得连看也看不见,衣服却分明觉得微微湿润。树上,偶而飘下几朵残花,轻轻漾漾,落到地上连一点声音都没有。这不只是单纯描写风景,我们还仿佛看见景色之中复印着人物的动作,可以领略到人物在欣赏景色时的惬意表情。
“日斜江上孤帆影”这句也应该同样理解。一方面,它写出了落日去帆的景色;另一方面,又暗暗带出了两人盘桓到薄暮时分而又恋恋不舍的情景。最后,严士元还是起身告辞了,诗人亲自送到岸边,眼看着解缆起帆,船儿在夕阳之下渐渐远去。七个字同样构成景物、事态和情感的交错复迭。
以下,“草绿湖南万里情”,补充点出严士元所去之地。景物不在眼前了,是在诗人想象之中,但也掺杂着游子远行和朋友惜别的特殊感情。
友人的远去,自然地激起了诗人心底的无限愁绪;因而他的临别赠言,听起来是那样令人心酸:你这回去湖南,如果有相识的人问起我的消息,你就这样回答他吧 —“青袍今已误儒生”。这是一句牢骚话。唐代,贞观四年规定,八品九品官员的官服是青色的。上元元年又规定,八品官员服深青,九品官员服浅青。刘长卿当时大概是八九品的官员,穿的是青色袍服。他认为自己当这一员小官,是很失意的,简直是耽误自己的前程了。
诗中的“景语”,既有“春寒阴复晴”的水国气候特征,又有“细雨湿衣”、“闲花落地”的眼前景象,还有“草绿湖南”的意中之景,几个层次中,情、景、事同时在读者眼前出现,寄托了与友人相遇而又别离的复杂情思。诗人的这种手法,是很值得借鉴的。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:刘长卿《送严士元》

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