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李白《翰林读书言怀呈集贤诸学士》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:216
  翰林读书言怀呈集贤诸学士
李白
晨趋紫禁中, 夕待金门诏。
观书散遗帙, 探古穷至妙。
片言苟会心, 掩卷忽而笑。
青蝇易相点, 《白雪》难同调。
本是疏散人, 屡贻褊促诮。
云天属清朗, 林壑忆游眺。
或时清风来, 闲倚栏下啸。
严光桐庐溪, 谢客临海峤。
功成谢人间, 从此一投钓。
唐玄宗天宝元年至三年(742—744),李白在长安为翰林学士。当时在皇城里设有两个学士院。一是集贤殿书院,主要职务是侍读,也承担一点起草内阁文书的任务;另一是翰林学士院,专职为皇帝撰写重要文件。两院成员都称学士,而翰林学士接近皇帝,人数很少,所以地位高于集贤学士。李白是唐玄宗诏命征召进宫专任翰林学士的,越发光宠,有过不少关于他深受玄宗器重的传闻。其实皇帝只把他看做文才特出的文人,常叫他进宫写诗以供歌唱娱乐。他因理想落空,头脑逐渐清醒起来。同时,幸遇的荣宠,给他招来了非议,甚至诽谤,更使他的心情很不舒畅。这首诗便是他在翰林院读书遣闷,有感而作,写给集贤院学士们的。诗中说明处境,回答非议,表白心迹,陈述志趣,以一种潇洒倜傥的名士风度,抒发所志未申的情怀。
首二句破题,点出处境。说自己每天到皇城里的翰林院,从早到晚等候诏命下达任务,颇象东方朔那样“稍得亲近”皇帝了。“金门”指汉代皇宫的金马门,是汉代宫中博士先生们会聚待诏的地方。《汉书·东方朔传》记载,东方朔“待诏金马门,稍得亲近”。李白暗以汉武帝待之以弄臣的东方朔自况,微妙地点的自己荣宠的处境,实质滑稽可悲,不足羡慕。
接着,诗人就写自己在翰林院读书遣闷。宫中秘藏是难得阅览的,于中探究古人著述的至言妙理,如果有所体会,即使只是片言只语,也不禁合拢书卷,高兴得笑起来。诗人表面上写读书的闲情逸致,实际上暗示这快意的读书恰是失意的寄托,反衬出他在翰林院供职时无聊烦闷的心情。
于是,诗人想起了那些非议和诽谤。东方朔曾引用《诗经》“营营青蝇”的篇什以谏皇帝“远巧佞,退谗言”,他也以青蝇比喻那些势利的庸俗小人,而以《阳春白雪》比喻自己的志向情操。李白觉得自己本是豁达大度、脱略形迹的人,而那些小人们却一再攻击他心胸狭隘,性情偏激。显然,诗人十分厌恶苍蝇的嗡嗡,但也因为无可奈何而觉得无需同他们计较,以蔑视的心情而求得超脱吧。跟上四句所写快事中蕴含不快相反,这四句是抒写在烦恼中自得清高,前后相反相成,都见出诗人的名士风度和志士情怀。
但是,实际上诗人的心情是烦闷的,失意的。因而他即景寄兴,抒发往日隐游山林的思忆和向往。诗人仿佛在读书时偶然望见屋外天空一片晴朗,又感到一阵愉快,随之想起了山林的自由生活。有时清风也吹进这令人烦闷的翰林院,他不由地走到廊下,靠着栏杆,悠闲地吟叹长啸。这四句也是写翰林院的闲逸无聊生活,但进了一层,提出了仕不如隐的想法,明显地表露拂出意欲归的意向。
最后四句明确地申述志趣和归宿。说自己象严子陵那样不慕富贵,又如谢灵运那样性爱山水。入世出仕只是为了追求政治理想,一旦理想实现,大功告成,就将辞别世俗,归隐山林了。显然,诗人正面抒写心志,同时也进一步回答了非议和诽谤,从而归结到主题“言杯”。
这首诗多排偶句,却流畅自然,在表现手法和艺术风格上,明显汲取了汉代《古诗》那种“结体散文,直而不野,婉转附物,怊怅述情”(《文心雕龙·明诗》)的长处,而有独创,富个性。全诗以名士的风度,与朋友谈心的方式,借翰林生活中的快事和烦恼,抒泄处境荣宠而理想落空的愁闷,表露“达则兼济天下,穷则独善其身”的本志。它娓娓而谈,言辞清爽,结构属赋,立意于兴,婉而直,浅而深,棉里藏针,时露锋芒,在唐人言怀诗中别有情趣。
(倪其心)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李白《翰林读书言怀呈集贤诸学士》

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  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000274s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000354s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000286s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000313s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000268s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000272s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000257s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000288s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000303s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000207s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000409s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 11987 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000310s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000340s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000237s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 217 WHERE `id` = 11987 [ RunTime:0.001594s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000251s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000272s ]
0.075535s