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李白《行路难三首(其二)》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:236
  行路难三首(其二)
李白
大道如青天,我独不得出。
羞逐长安社中儿,赤鸡白雉赌梨栗。
弹剑作歌奏苦声,曳裾王门不称情。
淮阴市井笑韩信,汉朝公卿忌贾生。
君不见昔时燕家重郭隗,拥篲折节无嫌猜。
剧辛乐毅感恩分,输肝剖胆效英才。
昭王白骨萦蔓草,谁人更扫黄金台?
行路难,归去来!  
“大道如青天,我独不得出。”这个开头与第一首不同。第一首用赋的手法,从筵席上的美酒佳肴写起,起得比较平。这一首,一开头就陡起壁立,让久久郁积在内心里的感受,一下子喷发出来。亦赋亦比,使读者感到它的思想感情内容十分深广。后来孟郊写了“出门如有碍,谁谓天地宽”的诗句,可能受了此诗的启发,但气局比李白差多了。能够和它相比的,还是李白自己的诗:“蜀道之难,难于上青天”这类诗句,大概只有李白那种胸襟才能写得出。不过,《蜀道难》用徒步上青天来比喻蜀道的艰难,使人直接想到那一带山川的艰险,却并不感到文意上有过多的埋伏。而这一首,用青天来形容大道的宽阔,照说这样的大道是易于行路的,但紧接着却是“我独不得出”,就让人感到这里面有许多潜台词。这样,这个警句的开头就引起了人们对下文的注意。
“羞逐”以下六句,是两句一组。“羞逐”两句是写自己的不愿意。唐代上层社会喜欢拿斗鸡进行游戏或赌博。唐玄宗曾在宫内造鸡坊,斗鸡的小儿因而得宠。当时有“生儿不用识文字,斗鸡走狗胜读书”的民谣。如果要去学斗鸡,是可以交接一些纨袴子弟,在仕途上打开一点后门的。但李白对此嗤之以鼻。所以声明自己羞于去追随长安里社中的小儿。这两句和他在《答王十二寒夜独酌有怀》中所说的“君不能狸膏金距学斗鸡,坐令鼻息干虹霓”是一个意思。都是说他不屑与“长安社中儿”为伍。那末,去和那些达官贵人交往呢?“曳裾王门不称情,弹剑作歌奏苦声。”“曳裾王门”,即拉起衣服前襟,出入权贵之门。“弹剑作歌”,用的是冯谖的典故。冯谖在孟尝君门下作客,觉得孟尝君对自己不够礼遇,开始时经常弹剑而歌,表示要回去。李白是希望“平交王侯”的,而现在在长安,权贵们并不把他当一回事,因而使他象冯谖一样感到不能忍受。这两句是写他的不称意。“淮阴市井笑韩信,汉朝公卿忌贾生。”韩信未得志时,在淮阴曾受到一些市井无赖们的嘲笑和侮辱。贾谊年轻有才,汉文帝本打算重用,但由于受到大臣灌婴、冯敬等的忌妒、反对,后来竟遭贬逐。李白借用了韩信、贾谊的典故,写出在长安时一般社会上的人对他嘲笑、轻视,而当权者则加以忌妒和打击。这两句是写他的不得志。
“君不见”以下六句,深情歌唱当初燕国君臣互相尊重和信任,流露他对建功立业的渴望,表现了他对理想的君臣关系的追求。战国时燕昭王为了使国家富强,尊郭隗为师,于易水边筑台置黄金其上,以招揽贤士。于是乐毅、邹衍、剧辛纷纷来归,为燕所用。燕昭王对于他们不仅言听计从,而且屈己下士,折节相待。当邹衍到燕时,昭王“拥篲先驱”,亲自扫除道路迎接,恐怕灰尘飞扬,用衣袖挡住扫帚,以示恭敬。李白始终希望君臣之间能够有一种比较推心置腹的关系。他常以伊尹、姜尚、张良、诸葛亮自比,原因之一,也正因为他们和君主之间的关系,比较符合自己的理想。但这种关系在现实中却是不存在的。唐玄宗这时已经腐化而且昏庸,根本没有真正的求贤、重贤之心,下诏召李白进京,也只不过是装出一副爱才的姿态,并要他写一点歌功颂德的文字而已。“昭王白骨萦蔓草,谁人更扫黄金台?”慨叹昭王已死,没有人再洒扫黄金台,实际上是表明他对唐玄宗的失望。诗人的感慨是很深的,也是很沉痛的。
以上十二句,都是承接“大道如青天,我独不得出”,对“行路难”作具体描写的。既然朝廷上下都不是看重他,而是排斥他,那末就只有拂袖而去了。“行路难,归去来!”在当时的情况下,他只有此路可走。这两句既是沉重的叹息,也是愤怒的抗议。
这首诗表现了李白对功业的渴望,流露出在困顿中仍然想有所作为的积极用世的热情,他向往象燕昭王和乐毅等人那样的风云际会,希望有“输肝剖胆效英才”的机缘。篇末的“行路难,归去来”,只是一种愤激之词,只是比较具体地指要离开长安,而不等于要消极避世,并且也不排斥在此同时他还抱有它日东山再起“直挂云帆济沧海”的幻想。
(余恕诚)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李白《行路难三首(其二)》赏析

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  150. /www/wwwroot/caiziyue/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000350s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_styles` [ RunTime:0.000537s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000319s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000365s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000254s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000358s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000275s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000319s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000265s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000268s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000256s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000257s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000340s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000203s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000389s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 12073 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000313s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000361s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000252s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 237 WHERE `id` = 12073 [ RunTime:0.001612s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000228s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000267s ]
0.075448s