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李白《古 风(其三十一)》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:230
  古 风(其三十一)
李白
郑客西入关, 行行未能已,
白马华山君, 相逢平原里,
璧遗镐池君, 明年祖龙死。
秦人相谓曰: 吾属可去矣!
一往桃花源, 千春隔流水。
欲知李白这一首诗的妙处,且先看诗中这一故事的由来。《史记·秦始皇本纪》:“三十六年秋,使者从关东夜过华阴平舒道,有人持璧遮使者曰:为吾遗镐池君。因言曰:今年祖龙死。使者问其故,因忽不见,置其璧去。使者奉璧,具以闻。始皇默然良久,曰:山鬼固不过知一岁事也。退言曰:祖龙者,人之先也。使御府视璧,乃二十八年行渡江所沉璧也。”另外,《汉书·五行志》引《史记》云:“郑客从关东来,至华阴,望见素车白马从华山上下,知其非人,道住,止而待之,遂至,持璧与客曰:为我遗镐池君,因言今年祖龙死。”《史记》所载的故事前后比较完整,用了一百零三个字。《汉书》抓住故事的中心,只用了五十个字,而且由于素车白马从华山而下这一点染,增强了神话色彩,但仍然只是文章,而不是诗。
李白翻文为诗,主要以《汉书》所载的故事为根据,写成了这一首诗的前六句。其中第二句是原文所没有的,实质上诗人把原文凝炼为二十五个字,字数压缩了一半,却无损于故事的完整性,并且诗意盎然,诗情醰永。这就不能不佩服诗人以古为新的手法了。一起“郑客西入关”一句,为什么不依原文写为“郑客关东来” 呢?这是因为是“关东来”只表明出发地,却不能表出目的地,而“西入关”则包括了“关东来”,平平五字,一石两鸟,极尽简括之能事。第二句“行行未能已” 原文没有的,诗人增添了这一句,便写出了郑客“行行重行行”的旅途生活,“未能已”三字则又点出了道远且长,言外还暗示秦法森严,行路程期有所规定,不敢超越期限的那种惶恐赶路的心情,就这一句平添了无限的情意,也就是诗之所以为诗。接下去“白马华山君,相逢平原里”,两句与文章的叙述次序恰恰相反。这并不是因为受押韵的牵制,而主要是用倒笔突接的方法,先把鲜明的形象送到读者的眼前:“唉!来了一位白马神人!”然后再补叙原委。这样写法接法,也是诗的特征,而非文章的常规。第五句“璧遗镐池君”把原文“持璧与客曰:为我遗镐池君。”十一字删成五字,凝缩得非常精致。镐池君指水神,秦以五行中的水德为王,故水神相当于秦朝的护国神,华山神预将秦的亡征,告知水神。第六句“明年祖龙死”,祖龙即指秦始皇。不必点明,即知为华山君传语,简洁了当地预报了秦始皇的死耗。
以上六句,只是李白复述故事,其长处也不过是剪裁点染得宜,而还不足以见此诗之特点。此诗精神发越之处,主要在后四句,李白的超人之处也在后四句。
东晋诗人陶潜曾写过一篇《桃花源记》,后来的诗人极喜引用,“世外桃源”几成为尽人皆知的成语。李白想象力过人,把这一故事和上面六句中的故事,掺和在一起,似乎桃源中人所以避秦隐居,就是因为他们得知郑客从华山君那儿得来祖龙将死、秦将大乱的消息。所以七八两句用“秦人相谓曰:吾属可去矣!”轻轻地把两个故事天衣无缝地联系在一起了。“秦人相谓曰”之前省去了郑客传播消息,因而行文更加紧凑。“相谓”二字写出秦人传说时的神情,活跃纸上:“吾属可去矣”一句则写出了他们坚决而又轻松的感情,这些都是此诗神妙之处。
最后诗人以“一往桃花源,千春隔流水”两句结住全诗。“春”字,承桃花春开,取春色美好之意。用“千春”而不用千秋,说明他对桃花源的赞美。这两句反映了李白对桃花源的向往和对尘世生活的厌恶。是啊,一旦进了世外桃源,就永远与这混浊纷乱的人寰相隔绝了。
诗人写诗时可能预感到安史之乱的某些征兆,所以引喻故事,借古喻今,以表遁世避乱的归隐思想。结笔悠然而止,不再写入桃源后的如何如何,不但行文简洁,而且余音袅袅,也令人起不尽之思。
(沈熙乾)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李白《古 风(其三十一)》

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  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000267s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000294s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000264s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000255s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000259s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000259s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000325s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000202s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000433s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 12084 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000323s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000353s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000247s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 231 WHERE `id` = 12084 [ RunTime:0.001580s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000223s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000267s ]
0.075029s