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李白《古 风(其十五)》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:239
  古 风(其十五)
李白
燕昭延郭隗, 遂筑黄金台。
剧辛方赵至, 邹衍复齐来。
奈何青云士, 弃我如尘埃。
珠玉买歌笑, 糟糠养贤才。
方知黄鹄举, 千里独徘徊。
这是一首以古讽今、寄慨抒怀的五言古诗。诗的主题是感慨怀才不遇。
前四句用战国时燕昭王求贤的故事。燕昭王决心洗雪被齐国袭破的耻辱,欲以重礼招纳天下贤才。他请郭隗推荐,郭隗说:王如果要招贤,那就先从尊重我开始。天下贤才见到王对我很尊重,那么比我更好的贤才也会不远千里而来了。于是燕昭王立即修筑高台,置以黄金,大张旗鼓地恭敬郭隗。这样一来,果然奏效,当时著名游士如剧辛、邹衍等人纷纷从各国涌来燕国。在这里,李白的用意是借以表明他理想的明主和贤臣对待天下贤才的态度。李白认为,燕昭王的英明在于礼贤求贤,郭隗的可贵在于为君招贤。
然而,那毕竟是历史故事。次四句,诗人便化用前人成语,感讽现实。“青云士”是指那些飞黄腾达的达官贵人。《史记·伯夷列传》说:“闾巷之人欲砥行立名者,非附青云之士,恶能施于后世者!”意思是说,下层寒微的士人只有依靠达官贵人,才有可能扬名垂世,否则便被埋没。李白便发挥这个意思,感慨说,无奈那些飞黄腾达的显贵们,早已把我们这些下层士人象尘埃一样弃置不顾。显贵之臣如此,那么当今君主怎样呢?李白化用阮籍《咏怀》第三十一首讽刺魏王语“战士食糟糠,贤者处蒿莱”,尖锐指出当今君主也是只管挥霍珠玉珍宝,追求声色淫靡,而听任天下贤才过着贫贱的生活。这四句恰和前四句形成鲜明对比。诗人在深深的感慨中,寄寓着尖锐的揭露和讽刺。
现实不合理想,怀才不获起用,那就只有远走高飞,别谋出路,但是前途又会怎样呢?李白用了春秋时代田饶的故事,含蓄地抒写了他在这种处境中的不尽惆怅。田饶在鲁国长久未得到重用,决心离去,对鲁哀公说:“臣将去君,黄鹄举矣!”鲁哀公问他“黄鹄举”是什么意思。他解释说,鸡忠心为君主效劳,但君主却天天把它煮了吃掉,这是因为鸡就在君主近边,随时可得;而黄鹄一举千里,来到君主这里,吃君主的食物,也不象鸡那样忠心效劳,却受到珍贵,这是因为黄鹄来自远方,难得之故。所以我要离开君主,学黄鹄高飞远去了。鲁哀公听了,请田饶留下,表示要把这番话写下来。田饶说:“有臣不用,何书其言!”就离开鲁国,前往燕国。燕王立他为相,治燕三年,国家太平。鲁哀公为此后悔莫及。(见《韩诗外传》)李白在长安,跟田饶在鲁国的处境、心情很相似,所以这里说“方知”,也就是说,他终于体验到田饶作“黄鹄举”的真意,也要离开不察贤才的庸主,去寻求实现壮志的前途。但是,田饶处于春秋时代,王室衰微,诸侯逞霸,士子可以周游列国,以求遂志。而李白却是生活在统一强盛的大唐帝国,他不可能象田饶那样选择君主。因此,他虽有田饶“黄鹄举”之意,却只能“千里独徘徊”,彷徨于茫茫的前途。这末二句,归结到怀才不遇的主题,也结出了时代的悲剧,形象鲜明,含意无尽。
《古风》五十九首都是拟古之作。其一般特点是注重比兴,立意讽托,崇尚风骨,气势充沛,而语言朴实。这首显然拟阮籍《咏怀》体,对具体讽刺对象,故意闪烁其词,但倾向分明,感情激越,手法确似阮诗。这表明李白有很高的诗歌艺术素养和造诣。但从诗的构思和诗人形象所体现的全篇风格来看,这诗又确实保持着李白的独特风格。如上所述,首四句是咏历史以寄理想,但手法是似乎直陈史事,不点破用意。次四句是借成语以慨现实,但都属泛指,读者难以猜测。末二句是借故事以写出路,但只以引事交织描叙,用形象点到即止。总起来看,手法是故拟阮籍的隐晦,而构思则从理想高度来揭露现实的黑暗,表现出李白那种热情追求理想的思想性格,和他的诗歌艺术的一个主要的风格特征。
(倪其心)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:李白《古 风(其十五)》

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  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000359s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000265s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000289s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000261s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000262s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000250s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000255s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000357s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000208s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000420s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 12087 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000305s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000345s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000265s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 240 WHERE `id` = 12087 [ RunTime:0.001568s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000233s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000252s ]
0.090440s