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张九龄《望月怀远》赏析
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:248
  望月怀远
张九龄
海上生明月, 天涯共此时。
情人怨遥夜, 竟夕起相思。
灭烛怜光满, 披衣觉露滋。
不堪盈手赠, 还寝梦佳期。
这是一首月夜怀念远人的诗。起句“海上生明月”意境雄浑阔大,是千古佳句。它和谢灵运的“池塘生春草”,鲍照的“明月照积雪”,谢朓的“大江流日夜”以及作者自己的“孤鸿海上来”等名句一样,看起来平淡无奇,没有一个奇特的字眼,没有一分点染的色彩,脱口而出,却自然具有一种高华浑融的气象。这一句完全是景,点明题中的“望月”。第二句“天涯共此时”,即由景入情,转入“怀远”。前乎此的有谢庄《月赋》中的“隔千里兮共明月”,后乎此的有苏轼《水调歌头》词中的“但愿人长久,千里共婵娟”,都是写月的名句,其旨意也大抵相同,但由于各人以不同的表现方法,表现在不同的体裁中,谢庄是赋,苏轼是词,张九龄是诗,相体裁衣,各极其妙。这两句把诗题的情景,一起就全部收摄,却又毫不费力,仍是张九龄作古诗时浑成自然的风格。
从月出东斗直到月落鸟啼,是一段很长的时间,诗中说是“竟夕”,亦即通宵。这通宵的月色对一般人来说,可以说是漠不相关的,而远隔天涯的一对情人,因为对月相思而久不能寐,只觉得长夜漫漫,故而落出一个“怨”字。三四两句,就以怨字为中心,以“情人”与“相思”呼应,以“遥夜”与“竟夕”呼应,上承起首两句,一气呵成。这两句采用流水对,自然流畅,具有古诗气韵。
竟夕相思不能入睡,怪谁呢?是屋里烛光太耀眼吗?于是灭烛,披衣步出门庭,光线还是那么明亮。这天涯共对的一轮明月竟是这样撩人心绪,使人见到它那姣好圆满的光华,更难以入睡。夜已深了,气候更凉一些了,露水也沾湿了身上的衣裳。这里的“滋”字不仅是润湿,而且含滋生不已的意思。“露滋”二字写尽了“遥夜”、“竟夕”的精神。“灭烛怜光满,披衣觉露滋”,两句细巧地写出了深夜对月不眠的实情实景。
相思不眠之际,有什么可以相赠呢?一无所有,只有满手的月光。这月光饱含我满腔的心意,可是又怎么赠送给你呢?还是睡罢!睡了也许能在梦中与你欢聚。 “不堪”两句,构思奇妙,意境幽清,没有深挚情感和切身体会,恐怕是写不出来的。这里诗人暗用晋陆机“照之有余辉,揽之不盈手”两句诗意,翻古为新,悠悠托出不尽情思。诗至此戛然而止,只觉余韵袅袅,令人回味不已。
(沈熙乾)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:张九龄《望月怀远》赏析

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