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寒山《杳杳寒山道》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:268
  杳杳寒山道
寒山
杳杳寒山道, 落落冷涧滨。
啾啾常有鸟, 寂寂更无人。
淅淅风吹面, 纷纷雪积身。
朝朝不见日, 岁岁不知春。
寒山是贞观时代的诗僧。长期住在天台山寒岩,诗就写刻在山石竹木之上,盈六百首,现存三百余首。语言明浅如话,有鲜明的乐府民歌风,内容除用形象演说佛理之外,多描述世态人情,山水景物。诗风幽冷,别具境界。这首“杳杳寒山道”,很能代表他的风格。
诗的内容,写寒岩左近高山深壑中的景色,最后见出心情,通篇浸透了寒意。首联写山水。“杳杳”言山路深暗幽远,“落落”言涧边寂寥冷落。诗一开始就把读者带进一个冷森森的境界,顿觉寒气逼人。次联写山中幽静,用轻细的鸟鸣声反衬四周的冷寂。爱油菜教育写山中气候,用风雪的凛冽写出环境的冷峻。尾联结到感受:山幽林茂,不易见到阳光;心如古井,不关心春来秋去。前七句渲染环境的幽冷,后一句见出诗人超然物外的冷淡心情。
这首诗除了用景物渲染气氛、以气氛烘托心情这种传统的表现手法之外,使用迭字是它的特点。通篇句首都用迭字,是不多见的。顾炎武《日知录》说:“诗用迭字最难。《卫风·硕人》……连用六迭字,可谓复而不厌,赜而不乱矣。”他提出了用迭字的要求:复而不厌,赜而不乱。要做到这一点,关键在于变化。寒山这首诗使用迭字,就很富于变化。“杳杳”具有幽暗的色彩感;“落落”具有空旷的空间感;“啾啾”言有声;“寂寂”言无声;“淅淅”写风的动态感;“纷纷”写雪的飞舞状;“朝朝”、“岁岁”虽同指时间,又有长短的区别。八组迭字,各具情状。就词性看,这些迭字有形容词、副词、象声词、名词,也各不相同。就描摹对象看,或山或水,或鸟或人,或风或雪,或境或情,也不一样。这样就显得变化多姿,字虽重复而不会使人厌烦,繁赜而井然不乱。
使用迭字的效果,大抵象使用对偶排比一样,能获得整齐的形式美,增进感情的强度。寒山这首诗中的迭字,大都带有一种幽冷寂寥的感情色彩,接连使用,使诗笼罩着一层浓烈的气氛。再如,“朝”、“岁”,单个的名词,本来不带感情色彩,但一经迭用,出现在上述特定的气氛中,就显得时间的无限延长,心情的守一、执着,也就加强了诗意,具有感情色彩了。
这首诗还由于使用迭字,增强了它的音乐美。借助于音节的复沓,使人读起来感到和谐贯串,一气盘旋,并借助于形式上的划一,把本来分散的山水、风、雪、境、情,组织成一个整体,回环往复,连绵不断。 (赖汉屏)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:寒山《杳杳寒山道》

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