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上官仪《入朝洛堤步月》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:239
  入朝洛堤步月
上官仪
脉脉广川流, 驱马历长洲。
鹊飞山月曙, 蝉噪野风秋。
上官仪是初唐宫廷作家,齐梁余风的代表诗人,其词绮错婉媚,有“上官体”之称。
刘餗《隋唐嘉话》载,唐高宗“承贞观之后,天下无事。仪独持国政。尝凌晨入朝,巡洛水堤,步月徐辔”,即兴吟咏了这首诗。当时一起等候入朝的官僚们,觉得“音韵清亮”,“望之犹神仙焉”。可知这诗是上官仪为宰相时所作,在唐高宗龙朔年间(661──663),正是他最得意之际。
这首诗是写他在东都洛阳皇城外等候入宫朝见时的情怀。唐初,百官上早朝并没有待漏院可供休息,必须在破晓前赶到皇城外等着。东都洛阳的皇城,傍洛水,城门外便是天津桥。唐代宫禁戒严,天津桥入夜落锁,断绝交通,到天明才开锁放行。所以上早朝的百官都在桥下洛堤上隔水等候放行入宫,宰相亦然。不过宰相毕竟是百官之首,虽然一例等候洛堤,但气派自非他官可比。
诗的前二句写驱马沿洛堤来到皇城外等候。“广川”指洛水,“长洲”谓洛堤。洛堤是官道,路面铺沙,以便车马通行,故喻称“长洲”。首句不仅以洛水即景起兴,谓洛水含情不语地流着;更是化用《古诗·迢迢牵牛星》“盈盈一水间,脉脉不得语”,以男女喻君臣,暗示皇帝对自己的信任,流露着承恩得意的神气。因而接着写驱马洛堤,用一个“历”字,表现出一种心意悠然、镇定自若的风度。
后二句是即景抒怀。这是秋天的一个凌晨,曙光已见,月挂西山,宿鸟出林,寒蝉嘶鸣,野外晨风吹来,秋意更盛。在写景中,这位宰相巧用了两个前人的诗意。第三句写凌晨,用了曹操《短歌行》:“月明星稀,乌鹊南飞,绕树三匝,何枝可依。山不厌高,海不厌深,周公吐哺,天下归心。”原意是借夜景以忧虑天下士人不安,要礼贤下士以揽人心。这里取其意而谓曙光已见,鹊飞报喜,见出天下太平景象,又流露着自己执政治世的气魄。末句写秋意,用了陈朝张正见《赋得寒树晚蝉疏》:“寒蝉噪杨柳,朔吹犯梧桐。……还因摇落处,寂寞尽秋风。”原意讽喻寒士失意不平,这里借以暗示在野失意者的不平之鸣,为这太平盛世带来噪音,而令这位宰相略有不安,稍露不悦。
总起来看,这诗确属上官仪得意时的精心之作。它的意境和情调都不高,在得意倨傲、自尊自贵之中,于帝王婉转献媚,对贫寒作势利眼。不过,它也有认识意义,倒是真实地为这类得势当权的宫廷文人留下一幅生动写照。从艺术上看,这寥寥二十字,不只是“音韵清亮”,谐律上口,而且巧于构思,善于用事,精心修辞,把当时的得意神气表现得相当突出,难怪那些有幸亲聆的官僚们“望之犹神仙焉”。  (倪其心)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:上官仪《入朝洛堤步月》

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