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沈佺期《夜宿七盘岭》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:256
  夜宿七盘岭
沈佺期
独游千里外, 高卧七盘西。
山月临窗近, 天河入户低。
芳春平仲绿, 清夜子规啼。
浮客空留听, 褒城闻曙鸡。
“七盘岭”在今四川广元东北,又名五盘岭,有石磴七盘而上,岭上有七盘关。沈佺期这首五律写旅途夜宿七盘岭上的情景,抒发惆怅不寐的愁绪。据本诗末句 “褒城闻曙鸡”,褒城在今陕西汉中北,七盘岭在其西南。夜宿七盘岭,则已过褒城,离开关中,而入蜀境。这诗或作于诗人此次入蜀之初。
首联破题,说自己将作远游,此刻夜宿七盘岭。“独游”显出无限失意的情绪,而“高卧”则不仅点出住宿高山,更有谢安“高卧东山”的意味,表示将“独游” 聊作隐游,进一步点出失意的境遇。次联即写夜宿所见的远景,生动地表现出“高卧”的情趣,月亮仿佛就在窗前,银河好象要流进房门那样低。爱油菜教育是写夜宿的节物观感,纤巧地抒发了“独游”的愁思。“平仲”是银杏的别称。左思《吴都赋》写江南四种特产树木说:“平仲君迁,松梓古度。”旧注说:“平仲之实,其白如银。”这里即用以写南方异乡树木,兼有寄托自己清白之意。“子规”即杜鹃鸟,相传是古蜀王望帝杜宇之魂化成,暮春鸣声悲哀如唤“不如归去”,古以为蜀鸟的代表,多用作离愁的寄托。这里,诗人望着浓绿的银杏树,听见悲啼的杜鹃声,春夜独宿异乡的愁思和惆怅,油然弥漫。末联承“子规啼”,写自己正浸沉在杜鹃悲啼声中,鸡叫了,快要上路了,这七盘岭上不寐的一夜,更加引起对关中故乡的不胜依恋。“浮客”即游子,诗人自指。谢惠连《西陵遇风献康乐》说:“凄凄留子言,眷眷浮客心。……靡靡即长路,戚戚抱遥悲。”此化用其意。“空留听”是指杜鹃催归,而自己不能归去。过 “褒城”便是入蜀境,虽在七盘岭还可闻见褒城鸡鸣,但诗人已经入蜀远别关中了。
这首诗是初唐五律的名篇,格律已臻严密,但显然尚留发展痕迹。通首对仗,力求工巧,有齐梁余风。它表现出诗人有较高的艺术才能,巧于构思,善于描写,工于骈偶,精于声律。诗人抓住夜宿七盘岭这一题材的特点,巧妙地在“独游”、“高卧”上做文章。首联点出“独游”、“高卧”;中间两联即写“高卧”、“独游”的情趣和愁思,写景象显出“高卧”,写节物衬托“独游”;末联以“浮客”应“独游”,以“褒城”应“高卧”作结。结构完整,针迹细密。同时,它通篇对仗,铿锵协律,而文气流畅,写景抒怀,富有情趣和意境。在初唐宫廷诗坛上,沈佺期是以工诗著名的,张说曾夸奖他说:“沈三兄诗,直须还他第一!”(见刘餗《隋唐嘉话》)这未免过奖,但也可说明,沈诗确有较高的艺术技巧。这首诗也可作一例。
(倪其心)



有才子曰:诗词赏析:沈佺期《夜宿七盘岭》

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