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张说《送梁六自洞庭山》
作者: 发布日期:2020-04-19 点击数:247
  送梁六自洞庭山
张说
巴陵一望洞庭秋, 日见孤峰水上浮。
闻道神仙不可接, 心随湖水共悠悠。
严羽有一段论诗名言:“盛唐诗人惟在兴趣,羚羊挂角,无迹可求。故其妙处莹彻玲珑,不可凑泊,如空中之音,相中之色,水中之月,镜中之象,言有尽而意无穷。”(《沧浪诗话》)离了具体作品,这话似玄乎其玄;一当联系实际,便觉精辟深至。且以这首标志七绝进入盛唐的力作来解剖一下吧。
这是作者谪居岳州(即巴陵,今岳阳)的送别之作。梁六为作者友人潭州(今湖南长沙)刺史梁知微,时途经岳州入朝。洞庭山(君山)靠巴陵很近,所以题云“自洞庭山”相送。诗中送别之意,若不从兴象风神求之,那真是“无迹可求”的。
谪居送客,看征帆远去,该是何等凄婉的怀抱(《唐才子传》谓张说“晚谪岳阳,诗益凄婉”)?“天涯一望断人肠”(孟浩然),首句似乎正要这么说。但只说到“巴陵一望”,后三字忽然咽了下去,成了“洞庭秋”,纯乎是即目所见之景了。这写景不渲染、不著色,只是简淡。然而它能令人联想到“袅袅兮秋风,洞庭波兮木叶下”(《楚辞·湘夫人》)的情景,如见湖上秋色,从而体味到“巴陵一望”中“目眇眇兮愁予”的情怀。这不是景中具意么,只是“不可凑泊”,难以寻绎罢了。
气蒸云梦、波撼岳阳的洞庭湖上,有座美丽的君山,日日与它见面,感觉也许不那么新鲜。但在送人的今天看来,是异样的。说穿来就是愈觉其“孤”。否则何以不说“日见‘青山’水上浮”呢。若要说这“孤峰”就是诗人在自譬,倒未见得。其实何须用意,只要带了“有色眼镜”观物,物必著我之色彩。因此,由峰之孤足见送人者心情之孤。“诗有天机,待时而发,触物而成,虽幽寻苦索,不易得也”(《四溟诗话》),却于有意无意得之。
关于君山传说很多,一说它是湘君姊妹游息之所(“疑是水仙梳洗处”),一说“其下有金堂数百间,玉女居之”(《拾遗记》),这些神仙荒忽之说,使本来实在的君山变得有几分缥缈。“水上浮”的“浮”字,除了表现湖水动荡给人的实感,也微妙传达这样一种迷离扑朔之感。
诗人目睹君山,心接传说,不禁神驰。三句遂由实写转虚写,由写景转抒情。从字面上似离送别题意益远,然而,“闻道神仙──不可接”所流露的一种难以追攀的莫名惆怅,不与别情有微妙的关系么?作者同时送同一人作的《岳州别梁六入朝》云:“梦见长安陌,朝宗实盛哉!”不也有同一种钦羡莫及之情么?送人入朝原不免触动谪宦之感,而去九重帝居的人,在某种意义上也算“登仙”。说“梦见长安陌”是实写,说“神仙不可接”则颇涉曲幻。羡仙乎?恋阙乎?“诗以神行,使人得其意于言之外,若远若近,若无若有”(屈绍隆《粤游杂咏》),这也就是所谓盛唐兴象风神的表现。
神仙之说是那样虚无缥缈,洞庭湖水是如此广远无际,诗人不禁心事浩茫,与湖波俱远。岂止“神仙不可接”而已,眼前,友人的征帆已“随湖水”而去,变得 “不可接”了,自己的心潮怎能不随湖水一样悠悠不息呢?“心随湖水共悠悠”,这个“言有尽而意无穷”的结尾,令人联想到“惟见长江天际流”(李白),而用意更为隐然;叫人联想到“惟有相思似春色,江南江北送君归”,比义却不那么明显。浓厚的别情浑融在诗境中,“如空中之音,相中之色,水中之月,镜中之象”,死扣不着,妙悟得出。借叶梦得的话来说,此诗之妙“正在无所用意,猝然与景相遇,借以成章,不假绳削,故非常情能到”(《石林诗话》)。
故应麟说:“唐初五言绝,子安诸作已入妙镜。七言初变梁陈,音律未谐,韵度尚乏”,“至张说《巴陵》之什(按即此诗),王翰《出塞》之吟,句格成就,渐入盛唐矣。”(《诗薮》)他对此诗所作的评价是公允的。七绝的“初唐标格”结句“多为对偶所累,成半律诗”(《升庵诗话》),此诗则通体散行,风致天然,“惟在兴趣”,全是盛唐气象了。作者张说不仅是开元名相,也是促成文风转变的关键人物。其律诗“变沈宋典整前则,开高岑后矫清规”,亦继往而开来。而此诗则又是七绝由初入盛里程碑式的作品。



有才子曰:诗词赏析:张说《送梁六自洞庭山》

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000371s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=www_caiziyue_com;charset=utf8
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  3. SELECT * FROM `qing_styles` WHERE `etitle` = 'head' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000374s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_site_styles` [ RunTime:0.000472s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `qing_site_styles` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000306s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_category` [ RunTime:0.000525s ]
  7. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 0 AND `catetype` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000323s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000346s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 77 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000340s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 89 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000356s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 95 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000333s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 99 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000365s ]
  13. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_nav` [ RunTime:0.000420s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `qing_nav` WHERE `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000255s ]
  15. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_archives` [ RunTime:0.000596s ]
  16. SELECT * FROM `qing_archives` WHERE `id` = 12238 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000378s ]
  17. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `qing_user` [ RunTime:0.000474s ]
  18. SELECT * FROM `qing_user` WHERE `iuid` = 87 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000297s ]
  19. UPDATE `qing_archives` SET `click` = 248 WHERE `id` = 12238 [ RunTime:0.001728s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `id` = 80 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000297s ]
  21. SELECT * FROM `qing_category` WHERE `parent_id` = 76 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000318s ]
0.099572s